Dual use of acoustic model in speech-to-text framework

ABSTRACT

An apparatus includes processor(s) to: perform preprocessing operations of a segmentation technique including divide speech data set into data chunks representing chunks of speech audio, use an acoustic model with each data chunk to identify pauses in the speech audio, and analyze a length of time of each identified pause to identify a candidate set of likely sentence pauses in the speech audio; and perform speech-to-text operations including divide the speech data set into data segments that each representing segments of the speech audio based on the candidate set of likely sentence pauses, use the acoustic model with each data segment to identify likely speech sounds in the speech audio, analyze the identified likely speech sounds to identify candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio, and generate a transcript of the speech data set based at least on the candidate sets of words likely spoken.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of, and claims the benefit ofpriority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/205,871 filed Mar. 18, 2021, and entitled “Dynamic Model Selection InSpeech-to-Text Processing”; which is a continuation-in-part of, andclaims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/138,521 filed Dec. 30, 2020, and entitled“Speech Audio Pre-Processing Segmentation”; which is a continuation of,and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 17/138,445 filed Dec. 30, 2020, and entitled“Speech Audio Pre-Processing Segmentation”; which claims the benefit ofpriority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/991,275 filed Mar. 18, 2020, and entitled “A Pipeline forInformation Extraction from Audio Files”; each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

This application is also a continuation-in-part of, and claims thebenefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 17/370,441 filed Jul. 8, 2021, and entitled“Speech-to-Analytics Framework with Support for Large N-Gram Corpora”;which is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority under 35U.S.C. § 120 to, International Application No. PCT/CN2021/082572 filedMar. 24, 2021, and entitled “Speech-to-Analytics Framework with Supportfor Large N-Gram Corpora”, each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety for all purposes.

To be more precise, International Application No. PCT/CN2021/082572designates the United States such that it is eligible to be treated asif it were “a national application for patent regularly filed in thePatent and Trademark Office” with its Mar. 24, 2021 international filingdate being treated as the filing date on which such regular filing isdeemed to have occurred, as per at least 35 U.S.C. § 363. Therefore, andas per at least 35 U.S.C. § 120 and § 365(c), U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 17/370,441 claims domestic priority to InternationalApplication No. PCT/CN2021/082572 as a “bypass” application (morespecifically, a “bypass” continuation application).

BACKGROUND

It has become commonplace to perform automated speech-to-text conversionof captured speech audio. Such a conversion to text may be performed aspart of receiving verbal commands used as input for the provision ofvarious voice-controlled online services. Such a conversion to text maybe performed as part of indexing and/or memorializing the contents ofrecorded voice messages or of phone conversations for future retrievaland reference. Such indexing and/or memorializing may be done as part ofarchiving official records, preserving testimony in judicialproceedings, preserving data gathered in scientific and/or medical fieldstudies, etc.

Alternatively or additionally, such a conversion to text may be used aspart of various automated analyses of the contents of conversations orverbal presentations to retrieve various insights. Such analyses mayinclude an evaluation of the quality of service provided in telephoneservice calls, the efficiency or effectiveness of communication inemergency services calls, the effectiveness of an effort to disseminateinformation to the public in press interviews or in other verbalpresentations, the audience participation and/or reaction to a verbalpresentation, the identification of topic(s) of conversations and/orverbal presentations, the relative degrees of focus of each topic amongmultiple topics, the relative levels of participation among multiplespeakers, the type and/or strength of sentiments concerning topics, etc.Such automated retrieval of insights may be performed to enhance theindexing and/or memorializing the contents of captured speech audio.

Regardless of the purpose for performing automated speech-to-textconversion and/or automated analyses, a longstanding challenge has beenimproving the accuracy of the speech-to-text conversion and/or of theanalyses. As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, there arenumerous challenges, including and not limited to, quality issues withthe devices used to capture speech audio, high environmental noiselevels, languages having multiple dialects, differences in regionalaccents, differences in idiomatic expressions, and/or per-persondifferences in pronunciation, speed of speaking, speaking volume, speechimpediments, etc. Such accuracy issues with speech-to-text conversionresult in the provision of error-laden text as the input to textanalyses, which in turn, results in the generation of false andmisleading insights.

Over time, various significant improvements have been made to acousticmodels and language models that are used. However, there remainschallenges in this technical field. By way of example, the preprocessingused to divide streamed speech audio and/or lengthy recorded speechaudio into segments has seen comparatively little improvement.

SUMMARY

This summary is not intended to identify only key or essential featuresof the described subject matter, nor is it intended to be used inisolation to determine the scope of the described subject matter. Thesubject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portionsof the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, andeach claim.

An apparatus includes at least one processor and a storage to storeinstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe at least one processor to perform operations including receive, froma requesting device via a network, a request to perform speech-to-textconversion of a specified speech data set representing speech audio.Also, in response to the request, the at least one processor is causedto perform preprocessing operations of a first segmentation techniqueincluding: divide the speech data set into multiple data chunks thateach represent a chunk of multiple chunks of the speech audio; use anacoustic model with each data chunk of the multiple data chunks toidentify pauses in the speech audio; and analyze a length of time ofeach identified pause in the speech audio to identify a first candidateset of likely sentence pauses in the speech audio. Further, in responseto the request, the at least one processor is caused to performspeech-to-text operations including: based, at least in part, on thefirst candidate set of likely sentence pauses, divide the speech dataset into multiple data segments that each represent a speech segment ofmultiple speech segments of the speech audio; use the acoustic modelwith each data segment of the multiple data segments to identify likelyspeech sounds in the speech audio; analyze the identified likely speechsounds to identify candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speechaudio; based, at least in part, on the candidate sets of words likelyspoken in the speech audio, generate a transcript of the speech dataset; and transmit an indication of the generation of the transcript tothe requesting device.

A computer-program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium includes instructions operable to causeat least one processor to perform operations including receive, from arequesting device via a network, a request to perform speech-to-textconversion of a specified speech data set representing speech audio.Also, in response to the request, the at least one processor is causedto perform pre-processing operations of a first segmentation techniqueincluding: divide the speech data set into multiple data chunks thateach represent a chunk of multiple chunks of the speech audio; use anacoustic model with each data chunk of the multiple data chunks toidentify pauses in the speech audio; and analyze a length of time ofeach identified pause in the speech audio to identify a first candidateset of likely sentence pauses in the speech audio. Further, in responseto the request, the at least one processor is caused to performspeech-to-text operations including: based, at least in part, on thefirst candidate set of likely sentence pauses, divide the speech dataset into multiple data segments that each represent a speech segment ofmultiple speech segments of the speech audio; use the acoustic modelwith each data segment of the multiple data segments to identify likelyspeech sounds in the speech audio; analyze the identified likely speechsounds to identify candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speechaudio; based, at least in part, on the candidate sets of words likelyspoken in the speech audio, generate a transcript of the speech dataset; and transmit an indication of the generation of the transcript tothe requesting device.

The acoustic model may be based on a neural network, the neural networkmay include a connectionist temporal classification (CTC) output, theCTC output may generate strings of one or more blank symbols for theidentified pauses, a quantity of blank symbols in each string of one ormore blank symbols may correlate to a length of a correspondingidentified pause, and the identification of the first candidate set oflikely sentence pauses may include: comparing the length of eachidentified speech pause indicated by a corresponding string of one ormore blank symbols to a predetermined blank threshold length; anddesignating each identified speech pause that is at least as long as thepredetermined blank threshold length as a likely sentence pause of thefirst candidate set of likely sentence pauses.

The acoustic model may output indications of occurrences of speechsounds as indications of occurrences of graphemes of a set of graphemes,the blank symbol may include a grapheme of the set of graphemes that isindicative of a pause between speech sounds, and the identification ofcandidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio may includeanalyzing the indications of occurrence of graphemes output by theacoustic model to identify combinations of graphemes that correspond towords.

The apparatus may include at least one neuromorphic device to enableinstantiation of the acoustic model, and/or the at least one processormay be caused to perform operations including: prior to the use of theacoustic model to identify pauses in the speech audio, configure the atleast one neuromorphic device to instantiate at least one instance ofthe acoustic model; and following the use of the acoustic model toidentify pauses in the speech audio, maintain the configuration of theat least one neuromorphic device to maintain the at least one instanceof the acoustic model to enable use of the at least one instance of theacoustic model to identify speech sounds in the speech audio.

The apparatus may include a distributed processing system that includesa control device and multiple node devices, the at least one processormay include a processor of the control device and multiple processors ofthe multiple node devices, and/or the processor of the control device iscaused to distribute indications of a configuration of the neuralnetwork of the acoustic model to the multiple node devices to enableinstantiation of multiple instances of the acoustic model within themultiple node devices by the multiple processors of the multiple nodedevices.

In response to the request, the at least one processor may be caused toperform pre-processing operations of a second segmentation techniqueincluding: divide the speech audio into multiple alternate data chunksthat each represent an alternate chunk of multiple alternate chunks ofthe speech audio; derive a threshold amplitude based on at least onepeak amplitude of the speech audio; compare a peak amplitude of thealternate chunk of the speech audio of each alternate data chunk to thethreshold amplitude; designate each alternate data chunk with a peakamplitude that is below the threshold amplitude as an alternate pausedata chunk; within at least one set of temporally consecutive alternatedata chunks of the multiple alternate chunks, identify a longest subsetof temporally consecutive alternate pause data chunks; and for each setof the at least one set of temporally consecutive alternate data chunks,store an indication of the longest subset of temporally consecutivealternate pause data chunks as a likely sentence pause of a secondcandidate set of likely sentence pauses. The division of the of thespeech data set into the multiple data segments may be based on acombination of the first candidate set of likely sentence pauses and thesecond candidate set of likely sentence pauses.

The identification of the first candidate set of likely sentence pausesmay include: analyzing each data chunk of the multiple data chunks toidentify acoustic features occurring within each corresponding chunk ofspeech audio; and providing indications of the acoustic featuresoccurring within each chunk of speech audio to the acoustic model asinput. The identification of the candidate sets of words likely spokenin the speech audio may include: subdividing a data segment of themultiple data segments into multiple data frames that each represent aportion of the corresponding speech segment; analyzing each data frameof the multiple data frames to identify acoustic features occurringwithin each corresponding portion of the corresponding speech segment;and providing indications of the acoustic features occurring within eachportion of the corresponding speech segment to the acoustic model asinput.

The acoustic model may output probability distributions indicative ofprobabilities of occurrence of speech sounds for each of multiplespecific times within a period of time; and the identification of thecandidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio may includeanalyzing the probability distributions output by the acoustic model toidentify combinations of speech sounds that correspond to words.

In response to the request, the at least one processor may be caused toperform further speech-to-text operations including: use a languagemodel with the candidate sets of words to derive corresponding candidatesets of n-grams accompanied by corresponding indications of relativeprobabilities of use of each n-gram within each candidate set ofn-grams; and use at least one of probability distributions output by theacoustic model or indications of relative probabilities output by thelanguage model to select each word included in the transcript fromeither a corresponding candidate set of words or a correspondingcandidate set of n-grams.

The selection of each word included in the transcript may be furtherbased on a relative weighting of the acoustic model and the languagemodel that is based on a level of audio noise of the speech audio.

A computer-implemented method includes receiving, by at least oneprocessor, and from a requesting device via a network, a request toperform speech-to-text conversion of a specified speech data setrepresenting speech audio. The method also includes, in response to therequest, performing pre-processing operations of a first segmentationtechnique including: dividing the speech data set into multiple datachunks that each represent a chunk of multiple chunks of the speechaudio; using, by the at least one processor, an acoustic model with eachdata chunk of the multiple data chunks to identify pauses in the speechaudio; and analyzing, by the at least one processor, a length of time ofeach identified pause in the speech audio to identify a first candidateset of likely sentence pauses in the speech audio. The method furtherincludes, in response to the request, performing speech-to-textoperations including: based, at least in part, on the first candidateset of likely sentence pauses, dividing the speech data set intomultiple data segments that each represent a speech segment of multiplespeech segments of the speech audio; using, by the at least oneprocessor, the acoustic model with each data segment of the multipledata segments to identify likely speech sounds in the speech audio;analyzing, by the at least one processor, the identified likely speechsounds to identify candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speechaudio; based, at least in part, on the candidate sets of words likelyspoken in the speech audio, generating, by the at least one processor, atranscript of the speech data set; and transmitting, from the at leastone processor, an indication of the generation of the transcript to therequesting device.

The acoustic model may be based on a neural network, the neural networkmay include a connectionist temporal classification (CTC) output, theCTC output may generate strings of one or more blank symbols for theidentified pauses, a quantity of blank symbols in each string of one ormore blank symbols may correlate to a length of a correspondingidentified pause, and the identification of the first candidate set oflikely sentence pauses may include performing operations including:comparing, by the at least one processor, the length of each identifiedspeech pause indicated by a corresponding string of one or more blanksymbols to a predetermined blank threshold length; and designating, bythe at least one processor, each identified speech pause that is atleast as long as the predetermined blank threshold length as a likelysentence pause of the first candidate set of likely sentence pauses.

The acoustic model may output indications of occurrences of speechsounds as indications of occurrences of graphemes of a set of graphemes;the blank symbol may include a grapheme of the set of graphemes that isindicative of a pause between speech sounds; and the identification ofcandidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio may includeperforming operations comprising analyzing, by the at least oneprocessor, the indications of occurrence of graphemes output by theacoustic model to identify combinations of graphemes that correspond towords.

The method may include: prior to the use of the acoustic model toidentify pauses in the speech audio, configuring, by the at least oneprocessor, at least one neuromorphic device to instantiate at least oneinstance of the acoustic model; and following the use of the acousticmodel to identify pauses in the speech audio, maintaining, by the atleast one processor, the configuration of the at least one neuromorphicdevice to maintain the at least one instance of the acoustic model toenable use of the at least one instance of the acoustic model toidentify speech sounds in the speech audio.

The at least one processor may include a processor of a control deviceof a distributed processing system, and multiple processors of multiplenode devices of the distributed processing system; and the method mayinclude, distributing, by the processor of the control device,indications of a configuration of the neural network of the acousticmodel to the multiple node devices to enable instantiation of multipleinstances of the acoustic model within the multiple node devices by themultiple processors of the multiple node devices.

The method may include, in response to the request, performingpre-processing operations of a second segmentation technique including:dividing the speech audio into multiple alternate data chunks that eachrepresent an alternate chunk of multiple alternate chunks of the speechaudio; deriving, by the at least one processor, a threshold amplitudebased on at least one peak amplitude of the speech audio; comparing, bythe at least one processor, a peak amplitude of the alternate chunk ofthe speech audio of each alternate data chunk to the thresholdamplitude; designating, by the at least one processor, each alternatedata chunk with a peak amplitude that is below the threshold amplitudeas an alternate pause data chunk; within at least one set of temporallyconsecutive alternate data chunks of the multiple alternate chunks,identifying, by the at least one processor, a longest subset oftemporally consecutive alternate pause data chunks; and for each set ofthe at least one set of temporally consecutive alternate data chunks,storing an indication of the longest subset of temporally consecutivealternate pause data chunks as a likely sentence pause of a secondcandidate set of likely sentence pauses. The division of the of thespeech data set into the multiple data segments may be based on acombination of the first candidate set of likely sentence pauses and thesecond candidate set of likely sentence pauses.

The identification of the first candidate set of likely sentence pausesmay include performing operations including: analyzing, by the at leastone processor, each data chunk of the multiple data chunks to identifyacoustic features occurring within each corresponding chunk of speechaudio; and providing, by the at least one processor, indications of theacoustic features occurring within each chunk of speech audio to theacoustic model as input. The identification of the candidate sets ofwords likely spoken in the speech audio may include performingoperations including: subdividing a data segment of the multiple datasegments into multiple data frames that each represent a portion of thecorresponding speech segment; analyzing, by the at least one processor,each data frame of the multiple data frames to identify acousticfeatures occurring within each corresponding portion of thecorresponding speech segment; and providing, by the at least oneprocessor, indications of the acoustic features occurring within eachportion of the corresponding speech segment to the acoustic model asinput.

The acoustic model may output probability distributions indicative ofprobabilities of occurrence of speech sounds for each of multiplespecific times within a period of time; and the identification of thecandidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio may includeperforming operations comprising analyzing, by the at least oneprocessor, the probability distributions output by the acoustic model toidentify combinations of speech sounds that correspond to words.

In response to the request, performing further speech-to-text operationsmay include: using, by the at least one processor, a language model withthe candidate sets of words to derive corresponding candidate sets ofn-grams accompanied by corresponding indications of relativeprobabilities of use of each n-gram within each candidate set ofn-grams; and using, by the at least one processor, at least one ofprobability distributions output by the acoustic model or indications ofrelative probabilities output by the language model to select each wordincluded in the transcript from either a corresponding candidate set ofwords or a corresponding candidate set of n-grams.

The selection of each word included in the transcript may be furtherbased on a relative weighting of the acoustic model and the languagemodel that is based on a level of audio noise of the speech audio.

An apparatus includes at least one processor and a storage to storeinstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe at least one processor to perform operations including receive, froma requesting device via a network, a request to perform speech-to-textconversion of a specified speech data set representing speech audio. Inresponse to the request, the at least one processor is caused to performpre-processing operations including: derive an audio noise level basedon at least one measure of a level of audio noise of the speech audio;based on the audio noise level, derive a first relative weighting for afirst segmentation technique for identifying likely sentence pauses inthe speech audio and a second segmentation technique for identifyinglikely sentence pauses in the speech audio, wherein the firstsegmentation technique becomes more susceptible than the secondsegmentation technique to inaccuracies in identifying likely sentencepauses as the audio noise level increases; and based on the firstrelative weighting, select likely sentence pauses for inclusion in aconverged set of likely sentence pauses from among the likely sentencepauses identified by the first segmentation technique and from among thelikely sentence pauses identified by the second segmentation technique.In response to the request, the at least one processor is caused toperform speech-to-text processing operations including: based on theconverged set of likely sentence pauses, divide the speech data set intomultiple data segments that each represent a speech segment of multiplespeech segments of the speech audio; use an acoustic model with eachdata segment of the multiple data segments to identify candidate sets ofwords likely spoken in the speech audio; based on the audio noise level,derive a second relative weighting for selecting each word to include ingenerating a transcript of the speech audio from candidate wordsindicated by the acoustic model as most likely spoken or candidate wordsindicated by a language model as most likely spoken; and transmit anindication of the generation of the transcript to the requesting device.

A computer-program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium includes instructions operable to causeat least one processor to perform operations including receive, from arequesting device via a network, a request to perform speech-to-textconversion of a specified speech data set representing speech audio. Inresponse to the request, the at least one processor is caused to performpre-processing operations including: derive an audio noise level basedon at least one measure of a level of audio noise of the speech audio;based on the audio noise level, derive a first relative weighting for afirst segmentation technique for identifying likely sentence pauses inthe speech audio and a second segmentation technique for identifyinglikely sentence pauses in the speech audio, wherein the firstsegmentation technique becomes more susceptible than the secondsegmentation technique to inaccuracies in identifying likely sentencepauses as the audio noise level increases; and based on the firstrelative weighting, select likely sentence pauses for inclusion in aconverged set of likely sentence pauses from among the likely sentencepauses identified by the first segmentation technique and from among thelikely sentence pauses identified by the second segmentation technique.In response to the request, the at least one processor is caused toperform speech-to-text processing operations including: based on theconverged set of likely sentence pauses, divide the speech data set intomultiple data segments that each represent a speech segment of multiplespeech segments of the speech audio; use an acoustic model with eachdata segment of the multiple data segments to identify candidate sets ofwords likely spoken in the speech audio; based on the audio noise level,derive a second relative weighting for selecting each word to include ingenerating a transcript of the speech audio from candidate wordsindicated by the acoustic model as most likely spoken or candidate wordsindicated by a language model as most likely spoken; and transmit anindication of the generation of the transcript to the requesting device.

In response to the request, the at least one processor may be caused toperform further pre-processing operations of one of the firstsegmentation technique and the second segmentation technique, thefurther pre-processing operations including: divide the speech data setinto multiple data chunks that each represent a chunk of multiple chunksof the speech audio; derive a threshold amplitude based on at least onepeak amplitude of the speech audio; compare a peak amplitude of thechunk of the speech audio of each data chunk to the threshold amplitude;designate each data chunk with a peak amplitude that is below thethreshold amplitude as a pause data chunk; within at least one set oftemporally consecutive data chunks of the multiple data chunks, identifya longest subset of temporally consecutive pause data chunks; and withineach set of the at least one set of temporally consecutive data chunks,designate the longest subset of temporally consecutive pause data chunksas a likely sentence pause.

The at least one processor may be caused to derive the audio noise levelat least partially in parallel with the derivation of the thresholdamplitude.

In response to the request, the at least one processor may be caused toperform further pre-processing operations of one of the firstsegmentation technique and the second segmentation technique, thefurther pre-processing operations including: divide the speech data setinto multiple data chunks that each represent a chunk of multiple chunksof the speech audio; configure a neural network to implement theacoustic model, wherein the neural network comprises a connectionisttemporal classification (CTC) output; provide each data chunk of themultiple data chunks to the neural network as an input and monitor theCTC output for a string of blank symbols generated based on the speechchunk; compare a length of each string of blank symbols from the CTCoutput to a predetermined blank threshold length; and designate eachstring of blank symbols from the CTC output that is at least as long asthe predetermined blank threshold length as a likely sentence pause.

The at least one processor may be caused, in response to the audio noiselevel exceeding a predetermined upper threshold noise level, to excludelikely sentence pauses identified by the first segmentation techniquefrom inclusion in the converged set of likely sentence pauses.

In response to the request, the at least one processor may be caused toperform further speech-to-text processing operations including: use theacoustic model to generate a first set of probabilities of speech soundswithin a portion of the speech audio; derive at least a first candidateword of a set of candidate words most likely spoken in the speech audiousing the first set of probabilities; analyze the first set ofprobabilities to derive a degree of uncertainty of the first set ofprobabilities; in response to at least the degree of uncertainty and thesecond relative weighting, select either the first candidate word, or asecond candidate word of the set of candidate words indicated as beingmost likely spoken based on a second set of probabilities generated bythe language model, as a next word most likely spoken in the speechaudio; and add the next word most likely spoken to the transcript.

The at least one processor may be caused to condition expendingprocessing resources to use the language model to generate the secondset of probabilities on at least one of the degree of uncertainty of thefirst set of probabilities being less than a threshold degree ofuncertainty or the audio noise level being less than a predeterminedlower threshold audio noise level.

The at least one processor may be caused, in response to the audio noiselevel exceeding a predetermined upper threshold audio noise level, toexclude probabilities generated by the acoustic model in selecting wordsto include in the transcript.

The first set of probabilities may include at least one probabilitydistribution indicative of relative probabilities of utterance of eachgrapheme of a pre-selected set of graphemes at a time duringpronunciation of speech sounds of the next word; and analysis of thefirst set of probabilities to derive the degree of uncertainty mayinclude deriving a degree of entropy or perplexity for each probabilitydistribution of the at least one probability distribution.

The language model may be based on an n-gram corpus including n-gramscorrelated to corresponding probabilities of use in a pre-selectedlanguage, and the use of the language model to generate the second setof probabilities may include the at least one processor performingoperations including: for each candidate word of the set of candidatewords, generate a corresponding candidate n-gram of a set of candidaten-grams that comprises a combination of the candidate word and at leastone preceding word spoken in the speech audio; for each candidaten-gram, search the n-gram corpus for the candidate n-gram to retrievethe corresponding probability for inclusion in the second set ofprobabilities; determine which candidate n-gram of the set of candidaten-grams corresponds to the highest probability among the second set ofprobabilities; and indicate the candidate word that corresponds to thecandidate n-gram that corresponds to the highest probability of thesecond set of probabilities as being the second candidate word.

A computer-implemented method includes receiving, by at least oneprocessor, and from a requesting device via a network, a request toperform speech-to-text conversion of a specified speech data setrepresenting speech audio. The method also includes, in response to therequest, performing pre-processing operations including: deriving, bythe at least one processor, an audio noise level based on at least onemeasure of a level of audio noise of the speech audio; based on theaudio noise level, deriving, by the at least one processor, a firstrelative weighting for a first segmentation technique for identifyinglikely sentence pauses in the speech audio and a second segmentationtechnique for identifying likely sentence pauses in the speech audio,wherein the first segmentation technique becomes more susceptible thanthe second segmentation technique to inaccuracies in identifying likelysentence pauses as the audio noise level increases; and based on thefirst relative weighting, selecting, by the at least one processor,likely sentence pauses for inclusion in a converged set of likelysentence pauses from among the likely sentence pauses identified by thefirst segmentation technique and from among the likely sentence pausesidentified by the second segmentation technique. The method furtherincludes, in response to the request, performing speech-to-textprocessing operations including: based on the converged set of likelysentence pauses, dividing the speech data set into multiple datasegments that each represent a speech segment of multiple speechsegments of the speech audio; using, by the at least one processor, anacoustic model with each data segment of the multiple data segments toidentify candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio;based on the audio noise level, deriving, by the at least one processor,a second relative weighting for selecting each word to include ingenerating a transcript of the speech audio from candidate wordsindicated by the acoustic model as most likely spoken or candidate wordsindicated by a language model as most likely spoken; and transmitting,from the at least one processor, an indication of the generation of thetranscript to the requesting device.

The method may include, in response to the request, performing furtherpre-processing operations of one of the first segmentation technique andthe second segmentation technique, the further pre-processing operationsincluding: dividing the speech data set into multiple data chunks thateach represent a chunk of multiple chunks of the speech audio; deriving,by the at least one processor, a threshold amplitude based on at leastone peak amplitude of the speech audio; comparing, by the at least oneprocessor, a peak amplitude of the chunk of the speech audio of eachdata chunk to the threshold amplitude; designating, by the at least oneprocessor, each data chunk with a peak amplitude that is below thethreshold amplitude as a pause data chunk; within at least one set oftemporally consecutive data chunks of the multiple data chunks,identifying, by the at least one processor, a longest subset oftemporally consecutive pause data chunks; and within each set of the atleast one set of temporally consecutive data chunks, designating, by theat least one processor, the longest subset of temporally consecutivepause data chunks as a likely sentence pause.

The method may include deriving, by the at least one processor, theaudio noise level at least partially in parallel with the derivation ofthe threshold amplitude.

The method may include, in response to the request, performing furtherpre-processing operations of one of the first segmentation technique andthe second segmentation technique, the further pre-processing operationsincluding: dividing the speech data set into multiple data chunks thateach represent a chunk of multiple chunks of the speech audio;configuring, by the at least one processor, a neural network toimplement the acoustic model, wherein the neural network comprises aconnectionist temporal classification (CTC) output; providing, by the atleast one processor, each data chunk of the multiple data chunks to theneural network as an input and monitor the CTC output for a string ofblank symbols generated based on the speech chunk; comparing, by the atleast one processor, a length of each string of blank symbols from theCTC output to a predetermined blank threshold length; and designating,by the at least one processor, each string of blank symbols from the CTCoutput that is at least as long as the predetermined blank thresholdlength as a likely sentence pause.

The method may include, in response to the audio noise level exceeding apredetermined upper threshold noise level, excluding likely sentencepauses identified by the first segmentation technique from inclusion inthe converged set of likely sentence pauses.

The method may include, in response to the request, performing furtherspeech-to-text processing operations including: using, by the at leastone processor, the acoustic model to generate a first set ofprobabilities of speech sounds within a portion of the speech audio;deriving, by the at least one processor, at least a first candidate wordof a set of candidate words most likely spoken in the speech audio usingthe first set of probabilities; analyzing, by the at least oneprocessor, the first set of probabilities to derive a degree ofuncertainty of the first set of probabilities; in response to at leastthe degree of uncertainty and the second relative weighting, selecting,by the at least one processor, either the first candidate word, or asecond candidate word of the set of candidate words indicated as beingmost likely spoken based on a second set of probabilities generated bythe language model, as a next word most likely spoken in the speechaudio; and adding the next word most likely spoken to the transcript.

The method may include conditioning, by the at least one processor,expending processing resources to use the language model to generate thesecond set of probabilities on at least one of the degree of uncertaintyof the first set of probabilities being less than a threshold degree ofuncertainty or the audio noise level being less than a predeterminedlower threshold audio noise level.

The method may include, in response to the audio noise level exceeding apredetermined upper threshold audio noise level, excluding, by the atleast one processor, probabilities generated by the acoustic model inselecting words to include in the transcript.

The first set of probabilities may include at least one probabilitydistribution indicative of relative probabilities of utterance of eachgrapheme of a pre-selected set of graphemes at a time duringpronunciation of speech sounds of the next word; and analysis of thefirst set of probabilities to derive the degree of uncertainty mayinclude performing operations comprising deriving, by the at least oneprocessor, a degree of entropy or perplexity for each probabilitydistribution of the at least one probability distribution.

The language model may be based on an n-gram corpus comprising n-gramscorrelated to corresponding probabilities of use in a pre-selectedlanguage; and the use of the language model to generate the second setof probabilities may include performing operations including: for eachcandidate word of the set of candidate words, generating, by the atleast one processor, a corresponding candidate n-gram of a set ofcandidate n-grams that comprises a combination of the candidate word andat least one preceding word spoken in the speech audio; for eachcandidate n-gram, searching, by the at least one processor, the n-gramcorpus for the candidate n-gram to retrieve the correspondingprobability for inclusion in the second set of probabilities;determining, by the at least one processor, which candidate n-gram ofthe set of candidate n-grams corresponds to the highest probabilityamong the second set of probabilities; and indicating the candidate wordthat corresponds to the candidate n-gram that corresponds to the highestprobability of the second set of probabilities as being the secondcandidate word.

The foregoing, together with other features and embodiments, will becomemore apparent upon referring to the following specification, claims, andaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is described in conjunction with the appendedfigures:

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram that provides an illustration of thehardware components of a computing system, according to some embodimentsof the present technology.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example network including an example set ofdevices communicating with each other over an exchange system and via anetwork, according to some embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 3 illustrates a representation of a conceptual model of acommunications protocol system, according to some embodiments of thepresent technology.

FIG. 4 illustrates a communications grid computing system including avariety of control and worker nodes, according to some embodiments ofthe present technology.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process for adjustinga communications grid or a work project in a communications grid after afailure of a node, according to some embodiments of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of a communications grid computing systemincluding a control node and a worker node, according to someembodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process for executinga data analysis or processing project, according to some embodiments ofthe present technology.

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram including components of an EventStream Processing Engine (ESPE), according to embodiments of the presenttechnology.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process includingoperations performed by an event stream processing engine, according tosome embodiments of the present technology.

FIG. 10 illustrates an ESP system interfacing between a publishingdevice and multiple event subscribing devices, according to embodimentsof the present technology.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process ofgenerating and using a machine-learning model according to some aspects.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example machine-learning model based on a neuralnetwork.

FIGS. 13A and 13B each illustrate an example embodiment of a processingsystem.

FIG. 14 illustrates an overview of an example performance ofspeech-to-text conversion using either of the example embodiments of aprocessing system of FIGS. 13A-B.

FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D and 15E, together, illustrate aspects of aframework defining a set of processing operations to be performed toderive insights from the contents of recorded and stored speech audio.

FIGS. 16A, 16B and 16C, together, illustrate an example of employing anAPA segmentation technique to derive a candidate set of indications oflikely sentence pauses within the speech audio of a speech data set.

FIGS. 17A and 17B, together, illustrate an example of employing a CTCsegmentation technique to derive another candidate set of indications oflikely sentence pauses within the same speech audio of the same speechdata set of FIGS. 16A-C.

FIGS. 18A and 18B, together, illustrate an example of combining thecandidate sets of indications of likely speech pauses generated in FIGS.16A-C and in FIGS. 17A-B to generate a single converged set ofindications of likely sentence pauses.

FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D, taken together, illustrate an example ofusing the data segments generated in FIGS. 18A-B and an acoustic modelto generate candidate sets of words and sets of candidate n-grams.

FIGS. 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and 20E, taken together, illustrate an exampleof using the candidate sets of words, sets of candidate n-grams and ann-gram language model to generate transcript(s).

FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21C each illustrate examples of additionalenhancements to the speech-to-text processing operations of FIGS. 19A-Dand 20A-E.

FIGS. 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D, 22E, 22F and 22G, together, illustrate aspectsof the generation and/or augmentation of a larger than commonplacen-gram corpus of the type that may be used as described in theprocessing operations of FIGS. 20A-E and 21A-B.

FIGS. 23A, 23B, 23C, 23D and 23E, together, illustrate an example logicflow of operations performed within a processing system to performpre-processing and speech-to-text processing operations.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example logic flow of operations performed withina processing system to perform speech-to-text processing operations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments are generally directed to techniques for improvingthe accuracy of speech-to-text conversion and efficacy of associatedtext analytics. More specifically, a framework for the derivation ofinsights into the content of pieces of speech audio may incorporate achain of pre-processing, processing and post-processing operations thatare selected to provide improved insights. During pre-processing, as analternative to the commonplace approach of simply dividing speech audiointo equal-length segments without regard to its content, a combinationof techniques is used to identify likely sentence pauses to enable thedivision of the speech audio into speech segments at likely sentencepauses so that the resulting speech segments are more likely to containthe pronunciations of complete sentences. During speech-to-textprocessing, the derived probability distributions associated with theidentification of more likely graphemes (e.g., text charactersrepresenting phonemes) and/or pauses by an acoustic model, as well asthe probability distributions associated with the identification of morelikely n-grams by a language model, are used in identifying thesentences spoken in the speech audio to generate a correspondingtranscript. During text analytics post-processing, the correspondingtranscript is analyzed to select words that are pertinent to identifyingtopics or sentiments about topics, and/or analyzed along with othertranscripts to identify relationships between different pieces of speechaudio.

Turning to the pre-processing operations, as will be familiar to thoseskilled in the art, many of the components employed in performing manyof the processing operations of speech-to-text conversion (e.g.,acoustic feature detection, acoustic models, language models, etc.) havecapacity limits on how large a portion of speech audio is able to beaccepted as input such that speech audio must be divided into segmentsthat fit within such capacity limits. As part of an improved approach todividing speech audio into such segments, a combination of multiplesegmentation techniques is used to provide improved identification ofpauses in the speech audio that are likely to be pauses betweensentences to enable the division of the speech audio into segments atthe midpoints within such likely sentence pauses. By dividing speechaudio at midpoints within likely sentence pauses to form the segments,each segment is caused to include a higher proportion of completepronunciations of whole phonemes, whole words, whole phrases and/orwhole sentences, thereby enabling greater accuracy in the performance ofsubsequent processing operations. Also, with fewer phonemes and/or otherspeech parts being split across the divides between pairs of adjacentsegments, there are fewer fragments of phonemes or other speech parts topotentially cause the errant identification of extra text charactersand/or words that aren't actually present. Thus, such improvements inthe identification of likely sentence pauses during pre-processingserves to enable corresponding improvements in subsequent processingoperations to identify text characters, whole words, phrases and/orsentences.

As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, there are manylinguistic characteristics that vary greatly among the wide variety oflanguages that are spoken around the world. By way of example, themanner in which combinations of tone, volume, generation of vowelsversus consonants, etc., are used to form words may different greatlybetween languages. However, the manner in which the relative lengths ofpauses are used to separate sounds within words, to separate wordswithin sentences, and to separate sentences tend to be quite similar.More specifically, the relatively short lengths of pauses between soundswithin words tend to arise more out of the time needed to repositionportions of the vocal tract when transitioning from producing one soundto producing another sound amidst pronouncing a word. In contrast, thesomewhat longer lengths of pauses between words tend to be dictated moreby linguistic rules that provide a mechanism to enable a listener tohear the pronunciations of individual words more easily. Similarly, thestill longer lengths of pauses between sentences also tend to bedictated by linguistic rules that provide a mechanism to make clearwhere the speaking of one sentence ends, and the speaking of the nextsentence begins. Thus, the ability to identify pauses and/or todistinguish among pauses within words, pauses between words and/orpauses between sentences may be used by each of the multiplesegmentation techniques to identify likely sentence pauses at whichspeech audio may be divided into segments in a manner that may beindependent of the language that is spoken.

In preparation for the performance of the multiple segmentationtechniques, the speech audio may be initially divided into equal-lengthchunks. The full set of chunks of the speech audio may then be providedas an input to each of multiple segmentation techniques, which may beperformed, at least partially in parallel, to each independentlygenerate its corresponding data structure specifying its correspondingcandidate set of what are deemed to be likely sentence pauses presentwithin the speech audio.

In some embodiments, the multiple segmentation techniques may include anadaptive peak amplitude (APA) segmentation technique in which a peakamplitude is separately determined for each chunk of the speech audio,with a threshold amplitude being derived therefrom that is used todistinguish pauses from speech sounds. More precisely, the peakamplitude that occurs within each chunk is measured, and then apreselected percentile amplitude across all of peak amplitudes of all ofthe chunks is derived to become a threshold amplitude. With thethreshold amplitude so derived, all of the chunks with a peak amplitudeabove the threshold amplitude are deemed to be speech chunks, while allof the chunks with a peak amplitude below the threshold amplitude aredeemed to be pause chunks. In this way, the threshold amplitude used indistinguishing pauses from speech sounds is caused to be adaptive toprovide some degree of resiliency in addressing differences in speechaudio amplitude and/or in audio noise levels that may thwart the typicaluse of a fixed threshold amplitude to distinguish between pauses andspeech sounds.

Another adaptive mechanism may then be used to distinguish a pauseoccurring between sentences from other shorter pauses occurring betweenwords or occurring within words, as well as to distinguish from stillother shorter pauses that may occur as a result of various anomalies incapturing the speech audio. Starting at the beginning of the speechaudio, a window that covers a preselected quantity of temporallyadjacent chunks may be shifted across the length of the speech audio,starting with the earliest chunk and proceeding through temporallyadjacent chunks toward the temporally latest chunk. More specifically,with the window positioned to begin with the earliest chunk,measurements of the lengths of each identified pause within the windowmay be taken to identify the longest pause thereamong (i.e., the pausemade up of the longest set of consecutive pause chunks). The longestpause that is so identified within the window may then be deemed likelyto be a sentence pause. The window may then be shifted away from theearliest chunk and along the speech audio so as to cause the window tonow begin with the chunk just after the just-identified likely sentencepause. With the window so repositioned, again, measurements of thelengths of each identified pause within the window may be taken to againidentify the longest pause thereamong. Again, the longest pause that isso identified within the window may be deemed likely to be a sentencepause. This may be repeated until the window has been shifted along theentirety of the length of the speech audio to the temporally latestchunk.

Each of the pauses that has been deemed a likely sentence pause may beadded to the candidate set of likely sentence pauses derived by the APAsegmentation technique. The length of the window may be selected toensure that there cannot be a distance between any adjacent pair oflikely sentence pauses that is greater than a capacity limitation thatmay be present in subsequent processing. Alternatively or additionally,it may be that instances of any adjacent pair of likely sentence pausesthat are closer to each other than a predetermined threshold period oftime are not permitted. Wherever such a pair of all-too-close adjacentlikely sentence pauses might occur, one or the other may be removed from(or not be permitted to be added to) the candidate set of likelysentence pauses.

Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, the multiplesegmentation techniques may include the use of a connectionist temporalclassification (CTC) segmentation technique in which instances ofconsecutive blank symbols (sometimes also referred to as“non-alphabetical symbols” or “artificial symbols”) generated by a CTCoutput of a neural network trained to implement an acoustic model areused to identify likely sentence pauses. A neural network incorporatinga CTC output and trained to implement an acoustic model would normallybe used to identify likely graphemes, such as text charactersrepresenting likely phoneme(s), in speech audio based on variousacoustic features that are identified as present therein. In such normaluse, the CTC output serves to augment the probabilistic indications ofsuch text characters (graphemes) that are generated by the neuralnetwork with blank symbols that serve to identify instances ofconsecutive occurrences of the same text character (e.g., the pair of“s” characters in the word “chess”), despite the absence of an acousticfeature that would specifically indicate such a situation (e.g., noacoustic feature in the pronunciation of the “s” sound in the word“chess” that indicates that there are two consecutive “s” characterstherein). However, it has been observed through experimentation that theCTC output of such a trained neural network may also be useful inidentifying sentence pauses, as it has been observed that the CTC outputhas a tendency to generate relatively long strings of consecutive blanksymbols that tend to correspond to where sentence pauses occur.

In using such a trained neural network for the detection of sentencepauses, each chunk is provided to the neural network as an input, andthe CTC output for that chunk is monitored for occurrences of strings ofconsecutive blank symbols, and the length of each such string iscompared to a threshold blank string length. Each string of consecutiveblank symbols that is at least as long as the threshold blank stringlength may be deemed to correspond to what is likely a sentence pause.In some embodiments, the threshold blank string length may be derivedduring training of the neural network to implement the acoustic model,and/or during testing of the results of that training. Portions ofspeech audio that are known to include pauses between sentences may beprovided as input to the neural network and the lengths of the stringsof consecutive blank symbols that are output may be monitored todetermine what the threshold blank string length should be. Regardlessof the exact manner in which the threshold blank string length isarrived at, each of the pauses that has been deemed a likely sentencepause may be added to the candidate set of likely sentence pausesderived by the CTC segmentation technique.

It should be noted that, in some embodiments, the same trained neuralnetwork with CTC output that is employed in the CTC segmentationtechnique during pre-processing may also be employed during thesubsequent processing to perform the function for which it was trained.Specifically, that same trained neural network may be used to identifylikely text characters from acoustic features detected in the speechaudio, including using its CTC output to augment such probabilisticindications of text characters with blank symbols indicative ofinstances in which there are likely instances of consecutive occurrencesof the same text character.

Following the completion of the performances of all of the multiplesegmentation techniques, the resulting multiple candidate sets of likelysentence pauses may then be combined in any of a variety of ways togenerate a single converged set of likely sentence pauses. In someembodiments, the manner in which multiple candidate sets of likelysentence pauses are combined to derive the converged set of likelysentence pauses may include the use of relative weighting factors thatmay be dynamically adjusted based on levels of audio noise detected asbeing present within the speech audio. This may be done in recognitionof each of the different segmentation techniques being more or lesssusceptible than others to audio noise. More specifically, in someembodiments, as the speech audio is being divided into chunks and/or aspeak amplitudes are being measured across all of the chunks, a minimumamplitude may also be measured across all of the chunks as part ofdetermining a level of audio noise that is present in the speech audio.The audio noise level may then be used, as a basis for adjustingrelative weighting factors assigned to each segmentation technique. Suchrelative weighting factors may then be used in combining the multiplecandidate sets of likely sentence pauses generated by the differentsegmentation techniques as part of deriving the converged set of likelysentence pauses for each chunk. Regardless of the exact manner in whichthe converged set of likely sentence pauses is generated from themultiple candidate sets, upon completion of the pre-processingoperations, there may be no further use made of the chunks into whichthe speech audio was initially divided.

With the converged set of likely sentence pauses having been generated,the speech audio may then be divided, again, to form speech segments,where each such division between two segments occurs at the midpoint ofone of the likely sentence pauses indicated in the converged set oflikely sentence pauses. Thus, unlike the earlier chunks of the speechaudio, each of the speech segments is more likely to contain thepronunciation of an entire spoken sentence, thereby decreasing thelikelihood that the pronunciations of words may be split acrosssegments, and increasing the likelihood that the entire context of eachword will be present within a single segment. In this way, each speechsegment is more likely to contain a more complete set of the acousticinformation needed to identify graphemes, phonemes, text characters,words, phrases, sentences etc. in the speech-to-text processingoperations, thereby enabling greater accuracy in doing so.

Turning to the speech-to-text processing operations, each of the speechsegments may be provided as input to a feature detector, in which thespeech audio within each speech segment is searched for any instances ofa pre-selected set of particular acoustic features. It may be thatmultiple instances of the feature detector are executed, at leastpartially in parallel, across multiple threads of execution within asingle device, and/or across multiple node devices. As part of suchfeature detection, each speech segment may be divided into multiplespeech frames that are each of an equal temporal length, and each speechframe of a speech segment may be provided, one at a time, as input to afeature detector. As each instance of an acoustic feature is identifiedwithin a speech frame, an indication of the type of acoustic featureidentified and when it occurs within the span of time covered by thespeech frame may be stored within the feature vector that corresponds tothe speech frame. The feature vectors for each speech segment may thenbe used by a combination of acoustic and language models to identifyspoken words and generate a transcript.

More precisely, the feature vectors for each speech segment may beprovided as input to an acoustic model. The acoustic model may beimplemented using any of a variety of technologies, including and notlimited to, a neural network, a hidden Markov model, or a finite statemachine. It may be that multiple instances of the acoustic model areinstantiated and used, at least partially in parallel, across multiplethreads of execution within a single device, and/or across multiple nodedevices. Based on the acoustic features that are identified by eachfeature vector as present within its corresponding speech frame, theacoustic model may generate probability distributions of the grapheme(s)that were spoken within each speech frame, and/or of the pauses thatoccurred within each speech frame.

Such probability distributions may then be grouped in temporal order toform sets of probability distributions that correspond to the speechsegments, and each such set may then be provided as input to a decoderthat is implemented using an n-gram language model. Using such a set ofprobability distributions, and using the contextual informationinherently provided by their temporal ordering, the decoder may identifythe most likely combinations of words spoken to form sentences (or atleast phrases) within the corresponding speech segment. In this way, thedecoder may derive a transcript of what was spoken in the speech audio,and such a transcript may be stored in a manner that is associated withthe speech audio for future reference.

As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, it has becomecommonplace (at least in speech recognition systems having sufficientprocessing and storage resources) to employ a two-stage combination ofan acoustic model and a language model to identify the words spoken inspeech audio based on the identified acoustic features. In such speechrecognition systems, the acoustic model is typically relied upon toperform a first pass at identifying words that are likely to be the onesthat were spoken, and the language model is typically relied upon toperform the next and final pass by refining the identification of suchspoken words such that the words identified by the language model arethe ones from which a transcript is generated. Such a two-stage use of acombination of acoustic and language models has proven to besignificantly more accurate in performing speech recognition than theearlier commonplace practice of applying an acoustic model, alone.

However, while the reduction in errors in speech recognition that hasbeen achieved through using such a two-pass combination of acoustic andlanguage models is significant, even this reduced error rate is stillfrequently undesirably high enough as to have merited further effortsover a number of years to further reduce it. A possible source of thisstill elevated error rate, at least in some situations, has been suchreliance on using a language model to always perform the final pass toprovide the final identification of each word spoken in speech audio. Itshould be remembered that a good language model is usually one thatclosely models a language as that language is used correctly. Thus, partof the still elevated error rate may arise from the fact that a personmay make mistakes in vocabulary and/or syntax when speaking, while thelanguage model may tend to fight against correctly identifying thatperson's words as actually spoken as it effectively attempts to enforceits model of what that person's words should have been.

As illustrated by at least this one example, there can be situations inwhich it may be desirable to rely more on an acoustic model, than on alanguage model, to correctly identify spoken words. It has long beenrecognized that an acoustic model can be highly accurate in identifyingspoken words where the pronunciation of words is of sufficient clarity,and where the acoustic conditions associated with the reception of thosespoken words are sufficiently favorable (e.g., sufficiently free ofnoise). As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, thelongstanding practice of reliance on a language model to provide thefinal identification of words was largely influenced by a need toaccommodate less ideal conditions in which the pronunciation of wordsmay not be as clear and/or where the acoustic conditions may not be sofavorable. In such situations, gaps may occur in the reception of spokenwords, and on many of such occasions, a language model can compensatefor such instances of missing acoustic information.

To further improve upon the error rate of such typical two-stage use ofa combination of an acoustic model and a language model, someembodiments may dynamically vary the relative weighting assigned to eachof the acoustic model and the language model per-word based on thedegree of uncertainty in the per-grapheme probability distributionsoutput by the acoustic model for each word. Stated differently, it maybe that the probability distributions of graphemes that are output bythe acoustic model for a single word are analyzed to derive acorresponding degree of perplexity for each probability distribution.Such a degree of perplexity may serve as an indication of the degree towhich a probability distribution presents an indefinite indication ofwhich utterance occurred during a corresponding portion of speech audio.Where the degree of perplexity of probability distributions forgraphemes associated with a word are deemed to be lower than apre-determined threshold, then greater weight may be dynamicallyassigned to the identification of that word based on those probabilitydistributions such that the acoustic model is relied upon to identifythat word. However, where the degree of perplexity of such probabilitydistributions associated with a word are deemed to be higher than apre-determined threshold, then greater weight may be dynamicallyassigned to the identification of that word based on the language model.

In some embodiments, both of the acoustic model and the language modelmay always be utilized in combination for each spoken word, regardlessof whether the per-word determination is made in a manner that givesgreater weight to relying more on the acoustic model or to the languagemodel to identify a word. Thus, the beam searches associated with suchuse of a language model implemented with an n-gram corpus may always beperformed regardless of such dynamic per-word assignment of relativeweighting. In some of such embodiments, it may be that the probability(and/or another measure or statistic) associated with the wordidentified by the language model is used as an input to the dynamicper-word relative weighting in addition to the degree of perplexityderived for the probability distributions for the correspondinggraphemes.

Alternatively, in other embodiments, it may be that the language modelis not used to provide any input to the dynamic per-word relativeweighting. In such other embodiments, such a situation may provide theopportunity to entirely refrain from consuming processing and/or storageresources to perform beam searches associated with using the languagemodel if the results of the dynamic per-word relative weighting are suchthat the results of using the language model will not be used. In thisway, use of the language model may be made contingent on such dynamicper-word relative weighting.

Regarding the use of a language model as part of the speech-to-textprocessing operations, as will be readily recognized by those skilled inthe art, when using a language model based on a corpus of n-grams, it isgenerally accepted that a larger n-gram corpus is capable of achievinghigher accuracies in speech-to-text operations than a smaller one.However, as will also be familiar to those skilled in the art, eachincrease of one word in the quantity of words that may be included ineach n-gram can result in an exponential increase in the size of then-gram corpus. As a result, it has become commonplace to limit thequantity of words that may be included in each n-gram to 4, 5 or 6 wordsto avoid so overtaxing available processing and/or storage resources oftypical computing devices as to become impractical for use. To overcomesuch limitations, the processing and storage resources of multiple nodedevices may be employed in particular ways that make more efficient useof distributed processing to make the use of a larger n-gram corpus morepractical.

More specifically, in preparation for performing beam searches of arelatively large n-gram corpus of an n-gram language model, completecopies of such a relatively large n-gram corpus may be distributed amongthe multiple node devices such that each is caused to locally store thecomplete n-gram corpus. Proceeding in temporal order through probabilitydistributions of graphemes that may have been pronounced throughoutspeech segment, the control device may derive candidate sets of n-gramsto be searched for within the n-gram corpus to retrieve theircorresponding probabilities. As each such n-gram candidate set isderived, the control device may provide it to all of the node devices2300 to which the n-gram corpus has been provided to enable beamsearches for each of the different candidate n-grams to be searched for,at least partially in parallel.

As part of causing different ones of the n-grams to be searched for bydifferent ones of the node devices, a modulo calculation may be usedbased on identifiers assigned to each of the node devices to enable eachnode device to independently determine which one(s) of the n-gramswithin the n-gram candidate set will be searched for therein.Alternatively, the n-gram searches may be distributed among multipleexecution threads of processor(s) within a single device (e.g., thecontrol device or a single node device). As each of the node devicescompletes the beam search(es) for its corresponding one(s) of thecandidate n-grams, indications of the relative probabilities ofoccurrence for each n-gram may be provided to the control device toenable the control device to identify the next word that was most likelyspoken in the speech segment, and accordingly, to identify the next wordto be added to the transcript of what was spoken in the speech audio.Upon completion of the transcript, the transcript may be stored by thecontrol device within the one or more storage devices as a text data setthat may be subsequently retrieved and analyzed to derive variousinsights therefrom, as previously discussed.

In a further effort to make the use of a relatively large n-gram corpusmore practical, the corpus data sets may be generated to employ atwo-dimensional (2D) array data structure, instead of the moreconventional ASCII text file data structure of the widely known and used“ARPA” text format originally introduced by Doug B. Paul of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Avoiding the use of such arelatively unstructured text format obviates the need to use textparsing routines that can greatly decrease the speed of access toindividual n-grams, and/or individual words within individual n-grams.In this way, the speed with which the n-gram corpus is able to begenerated, put through deduplication, and used in beam searches may begreatly increased.

Still further, in deriving probabilities for the occurrence of eachn-gram, a novel technique may be used for deriving a backoff value thatis relatively simple to perform, and that is better suited to the largern-gram corpuses that may be made practical to use by way of the variousapproaches described herein.

Regardless of the exact manner in which each word spoken in speech audiois identified through use of an acoustic model and/or through the use ofa language model, and regardless of the size and/or format of the n-gramcorpus that may be used, the length of transcript(s) that are generatedfrom speech audio may advantageously or adversely affect automated textanalyses that may be subsequently performed in post-processing (e.g.,analyses to identify topics, to identify sentiments of topics, and/or toidentify other related pieces of speech audio and/or transcriptsgenerated therefrom). From experimentation and observation, it has beenfound that, generally, many forms of automated text analyses are able tobe more successfully used with longer transcripts.

More specifically, it has been found that shorter transcripts tend tocause an overemphasis on the more frequently used words in a language,even after removal of non-content stopwords, with the result thatanalyses to derive topics and/or other insights of a transcript tend toproduce less useful results. To counteract this, in some embodiments,all of the text of speech audio on which speech-to-text processing hasbeen performed may be stored and/or otherwise handled as a singletranscript, thereby increasing the likelihood of generating longertranscripts. However, where the speech audio is sufficiently long as toinclude multiple presentations and/or conversations on unrelatedsubjects, automated text analyses performed on a single transcriptencompassing such lengthy and varied speech audio may also produce lessuseful results. Thus, in some embodiments, rules concerning lengths oftranscripts and/or acoustic features such as relatively lengthy pausesmay be used to bring about the generation of lengths and/or quantitiesof transcripts for each piece of speech audio that are more amenable toproviding useful results from automated text analyses.

Turning to the text analytics post-processing operations, the resultingone or more transcripts of the speech audio may be provided to one ormore text analyzers to derive, based on such factors as the frequencywith which each word was spoken, such insights as topic(s) spoken about,relative importance of topics, sentiments expressed concerning eachtopic, etc. It may be that each such stored transcript(s) may beaccompanied in storage with metadata indicative of such insights.Alternatively or additionally, it may be that such insights are used toidentify other transcript(s) generated from other pieces of speech audiothat are deemed to be related.

In embodiments in which a distributed processing system is used thatincludes multiple node devices, various one(s) of the pre-processing,text-to-speech processing and/or post-processing operations within theframework may be performed in a manner that is distributed across thosemultiple node devices to improve the efficiency with which thoseoperations are able to be performed. As will be explained in greaterdetail, such improvements in efficiency may also enable improvements inthe handling of data such that greater use may be made of contextualinformation to provide improved results.

By way of example, each of the different segmentation techniques may beperformed within a separate one of the node devices, at least partiallyin parallel, such that a different one of the corresponding candidateset of likely sentence pauses may be independently derived within eachsuch node device.

Also by way of example, multiple instances of the feature detector maybe executed across the multiple node devices, and the speech segmentsmay be distributed thereamong to enable speech detection to be performedwith multiple ones of the speech segments at least partially inparallel. Further, along with the multiple instances of the featuredetector, multiple instances of the acoustic model may be instantiatedacross the multiple node devices, thereby enabling the feature vectorsderived from a speech segment by an instance of the feature detectorwithin a node device to be directly provided to the correspondinginstance of the acoustic model within the node device to enable thederivation of the set of probability distributions that correspond tothat speech segment.

Also by way of example, multiple copies of the n-gram corpus may bedistributed among the multiple node devices to enable each beam searchacross multiple n-grams for each next word in a sentence to be performedin a distributed manner without need of communication among the nodedevices.

Reference is now made to the drawings, wherein like reference numeralsare used to refer to like elements throughout. In the followingdescription, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. It maybe evident, however, that the novel embodiments can be practiced withoutthese specific details. In other instances, well known structures anddevices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate adescription thereof. The intention is to cover all modifications,equivalents, and alternatives within the scope of the claims.

Systems depicted in some of the figures may be provided in variousconfigurations. In some embodiments, the systems may be configured as adistributed system where one or more components of the system aredistributed across one or more networks in a cloud computing systemand/or a fog computing system.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that provides an illustration of the hardwarecomponents of a data transmission network 100, according to embodimentsof the present technology. Data transmission network 100 is aspecialized computer system that may be used for processing largeamounts of data where a large number of computer processing cycles arerequired.

Data transmission network 100 may also include computing environment114. Computing environment 114 may be a specialized computer or othermachine that processes the data received within the data transmissionnetwork 100. Data transmission network 100 also includes one or morenetwork devices 102. Network devices 102 may include client devices thatattempt to communicate with computing environment 114. For example,network devices 102 may send data to the computing environment 114 to beprocessed, may send signals to the computing environment 114 to controldifferent aspects of the computing environment or the data it isprocessing, among other reasons. Network devices 102 may interact withthe computing environment 114 through a number of ways, such as, forexample, over one or more networks 108. As shown in FIG. 1, computingenvironment 114 may include one or more other systems. For example,computing environment 114 may include a database system 118 and/or acommunications grid 120.

In other embodiments, network devices may provide a large amount ofdata, either all at once or streaming over a period of time (e.g., usingevent stream processing (ESP), described further with respect to FIGS.8-10), to the computing environment 114 via networks 108. For example,network devices 102 may include network computers, sensors, databases,or other devices that may transmit or otherwise provide data tocomputing environment 114. For example, network devices may includelocal area network devices, such as routers, hubs, switches, or othercomputer networking devices. These devices may provide a variety ofstored or generated data, such as network data or data specific to thenetwork devices themselves. Network devices may also include sensorsthat monitor their environment or other devices to collect dataregarding that environment or those devices, and such network devicesmay provide data they collect over time. Network devices may alsoinclude devices within the internet of things, such as devices within ahome automation network. Some of these devices may be referred to asedge devices, and may involve edge computing circuitry. Data may betransmitted by network devices directly to computing environment 114 orto network-attached data stores, such as network-attached data stores110 for storage so that the data may be retrieved later by the computingenvironment 114 or other portions of data transmission network 100.

Data transmission network 100 may also include one or morenetwork-attached data stores 110. Network-attached data stores 110 areused to store data to be processed by the computing environment 114 aswell as any intermediate or final data generated by the computing systemin non-volatile memory. However in certain embodiments, theconfiguration of the computing environment 114 allows its operations tobe performed such that intermediate and final data results can be storedsolely in volatile memory (e.g., RAM), without a requirement thatintermediate or final data results be stored to non-volatile types ofmemory (e.g., disk). This can be useful in certain situations, such aswhen the computing environment 114 receives ad hoc queries from a userand when responses, which are generated by processing large amounts ofdata, need to be generated on-the-fly. In this non-limiting situation,the computing environment 114 may be configured to retain the processedinformation within memory so that responses can be generated for theuser at different levels of detail as well as allow a user tointeractively query against this information.

Network-attached data stores may store a variety of different types ofdata organized in a variety of different ways and from a variety ofdifferent sources. For example, network-attached data storage mayinclude storage other than primary storage located within computingenvironment 114 that is directly accessible by processors locatedtherein. Network-attached data storage may include secondary, tertiaryor auxiliary storage, such as large hard drives, servers, virtualmemory, among other types. Storage devices may include portable ornon-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various othermediums capable of storing, containing data. A machine-readable storagemedium or computer-readable storage medium may include a non-transitorymedium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrierwaves and/or transitory electronic signals. Examples of a non-transitorymedium may include, for example, a magnetic disk or tape, opticalstorage media such as compact disk or digital versatile disk, flashmemory, memory or memory devices. A computer-program product may includecode and/or machine-executable instructions that may represent aprocedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine,a module, a software package, a class, or any combination ofinstructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment maybe coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passingand/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memorycontents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed,forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memorysharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, amongothers. Furthermore, the data stores may hold a variety of differenttypes of data. For example, network-attached data stores 110 may holdunstructured (e.g., raw) data, such as manufacturing data (e.g., adatabase containing records identifying products being manufactured withparameter data for each product, such as colors and models) or productsales databases (e.g., a database containing individual data recordsidentifying details of individual product sales).

The unstructured data may be presented to the computing environment 114in different forms such as a flat file or a conglomerate of datarecords, and may have data values and accompanying time stamps. Thecomputing environment 114 may be used to analyze the unstructured datain a variety of ways to determine the best way to structure (e.g.,hierarchically) that data, such that the structured data is tailored toa type of further analysis that a user wishes to perform on the data.For example, after being processed, the unstructured time stamped datamay be aggregated by time (e.g., into daily time period units) togenerate time series data and/or structured hierarchically according toone or more dimensions (e.g., parameters, attributes, and/or variables).For example, data may be stored in a hierarchical data structure, suchas a ROLAP OR MOLAP database, or may be stored in another tabular form,such as in a flat-hierarchy form.

Data transmission network 100 may also include one or more server farms106. Computing environment 114 may route select communications or datato the one or more sever farms 106 or one or more servers within theserver farms. Server farms 106 can be configured to provide informationin a predetermined manner. For example, server farms 106 may access datato transmit in response to a communication. Server farms 106 may beseparately housed from each other device within data transmissionnetwork 100, such as computing environment 114, and/or may be part of adevice or system.

Server farms 106 may host a variety of different types of dataprocessing as part of data transmission network 100. Server farms 106may receive a variety of different data from network devices, fromcomputing environment 114, from cloud network 116, or from othersources. The data may have been obtained or collected from one or moresensors, as inputs from a control database, or may have been received asinputs from an external system or device. Server farms 106 may assist inprocessing the data by turning raw data into processed data based on oneor more rules implemented by the server farms. For example, sensor datamay be analyzed to determine changes in an environment over time or inreal-time.

Data transmission network 100 may also include one or more cloudnetworks 116. Cloud network 116 may include a cloud infrastructuresystem that provides cloud services. In certain embodiments, servicesprovided by the cloud network 116 may include a host of services thatare made available to users of the cloud infrastructure system ondemand. Cloud network 116 is shown in FIG. 1 as being connected tocomputing environment 114 (and therefore having computing environment114 as its client or user), but cloud network 116 may be connected to orutilized by any of the devices in FIG. 1. Services provided by the cloudnetwork can dynamically scale to meet the needs of its users. The cloudnetwork 116 may include one or more computers, servers, and/or systems.In some embodiments, the computers, servers, and/or systems that make upthe cloud network 116 are different from the user's own on-premisescomputers, servers, and/or systems. For example, the cloud network 116may host an application, and a user may, via a communication networksuch as the Internet, on demand, order and use the application.

While each device, server and system in FIG. 1 is shown as a singledevice, it will be appreciated that multiple devices may instead beused. For example, a set of network devices can be used to transmitvarious communications from a single user, or remote server 140 mayinclude a server stack. As another example, data may be processed aspart of computing environment 114.

Each communication within data transmission network 100 (e.g., betweenclient devices, between servers 106 and computing environment 114 orbetween a server and a device) may occur over one or more networks 108.Networks 108 may include one or more of a variety of different types ofnetworks, including a wireless network, a wired network, or acombination of a wired and wireless network. Examples of suitablenetworks include the Internet, a personal area network, a local areanetwork (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or a wireless local areanetwork (WLAN). A wireless network may include a wireless interface orcombination of wireless interfaces. As an example, a network in the oneor more networks 108 may include a short-range communication channel,such as a BLUETOOTH® communication channel or a BLUETOOTH® Low Energycommunication channel. A wired network may include a wired interface.The wired and/or wireless networks may be implemented using routers,access points, bridges, gateways, or the like, to connect devices in thenetwork 114, as will be further described with respect to FIG. 2. Theone or more networks 108 can be incorporated entirely within or caninclude an intranet, an extranet, or a combination thereof. In oneembodiment, communications between two or more systems and/or devicescan be achieved by a secure communications protocol, such as securesockets layer (SSL) or transport layer security (TLS). In addition, dataand/or transactional details may be encrypted.

Some aspects may utilize the Internet of Things (IoT), where things(e.g., machines, devices, phones, sensors) can be connected to networksand the data from these things can be collected and processed within thethings and/or external to the things. For example, the IoT can includesensors in many different devices, and high value analytics can beapplied to identify hidden relationships and drive increasedefficiencies. This can apply to both big data analytics and real-time(e.g., ESP) analytics. This will be described further below with respectto FIG. 2.

As noted, computing environment 114 may include a communications grid120 and a transmission network database system 118. Communications grid120 may be a grid-based computing system for processing large amounts ofdata. The transmission network database system 118 may be for managing,storing, and retrieving large amounts of data that are distributed toand stored in the one or more network-attached data stores 110 or otherdata stores that reside at different locations within the transmissionnetwork database system 118. The compute nodes in the grid-basedcomputing system 120 and the transmission network database system 118may share the same processor hardware, such as processors that arelocated within computing environment 114.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example network including an example set ofdevices communicating with each other over an exchange system and via anetwork, according to embodiments of the present technology. As noted,each communication within data transmission network 100 may occur overone or more networks. System 200 includes a network device 204configured to communicate with a variety of types of client devices, forexample client devices 230, over a variety of types of communicationchannels.

As shown in FIG. 2, network device 204 can transmit a communication overa network (e.g., a cellular network via a base station 210). Thecommunication can be routed to another network device, such as networkdevices 205-209, via base station 210. The communication can also berouted to computing environment 214 via base station 210. For example,network device 204 may collect data either from its surroundingenvironment or from other network devices (such as network devices205-209) and transmit that data to computing environment 214.

Although network devices 204-209 are shown in FIG. 2 as a mobile phone,laptop computer, tablet computer, temperature sensor, motion sensor, andaudio sensor respectively, the network devices may be or include sensorsthat are sensitive to detecting aspects of their environment. Forexample, the network devices may include sensors such as water sensors,power sensors, electrical current sensors, chemical sensors, opticalsensors, pressure sensors, geographic or position sensors (e.g., GPS),velocity sensors, acceleration sensors, flow rate sensors, among others.Examples of characteristics that may be sensed include force, torque,load, strain, position, temperature, air pressure, fluid flow, chemicalproperties, resistance, electromagnetic fields, radiation, irradiance,proximity, acoustics, moisture, distance, speed, vibrations,acceleration, electrical potential, electrical current, among others.The sensors may be mounted to various components used as part of avariety of different types of systems (e.g., an oil drilling operation).The network devices may detect and record data related to theenvironment that it monitors, and transmit that data to computingenvironment 214.

As noted, one type of system that may include various sensors thatcollect data to be processed and/or transmitted to a computingenvironment according to certain embodiments includes an oil drillingsystem. For example, the one or more drilling operation sensors mayinclude surface sensors that measure a hook load, a fluid rate, atemperature and a density in and out of the wellbore, a standpipepressure, a surface torque, a rotation speed of a drill pipe, a rate ofpenetration, a mechanical specific energy, etc. and downhole sensorsthat measure a rotation speed of a bit, fluid densities, downholetorque, downhole vibration (axial, tangential, lateral), a weightapplied at a drill bit, an annular pressure, a differential pressure, anazimuth, an inclination, a dog leg severity, a measured depth, avertical depth, a downhole temperature, etc. Besides the raw datacollected directly by the sensors, other data may include parameterseither developed by the sensors or assigned to the system by a client orother controlling device. For example, one or more drilling operationcontrol parameters may control settings such as a mud motor speed toflow ratio, a bit diameter, a predicted formation top, seismic data,weather data, etc. Other data may be generated using physical modelssuch as an earth model, a weather model, a seismic model, a bottom holeassembly model, a well plan model, an annular friction model, etc. Inaddition to sensor and control settings, predicted outputs, of forexample, the rate of penetration, mechanical specific energy, hook load,flow in fluid rate, flow out fluid rate, pump pressure, surface torque,rotation speed of the drill pipe, annular pressure, annular frictionpressure, annular temperature, equivalent circulating density, etc. mayalso be stored in the data warehouse.

In another example, another type of system that may include varioussensors that collect data to be processed and/or transmitted to acomputing environment according to certain embodiments includes a homeautomation or similar automated network in a different environment, suchas an office space, school, public space, sports venue, or a variety ofother locations. Network devices in such an automated network mayinclude network devices that allow a user to access, control, and/orconfigure various home appliances located within the user's home (e.g.,a television, radio, light, fan, humidifier, sensor, microwave, iron,and/or the like), or outside of the user's home (e.g., exterior motionsensors, exterior lighting, garage door openers, sprinkler systems, orthe like). For example, network device 102 may include a home automationswitch that may be coupled with a home appliance. In another embodiment,a network device can allow a user to access, control, and/or configuredevices, such as office-related devices (e.g., copy machine, printer, orfax machine), audio and/or video related devices (e.g., a receiver, aspeaker, a projector, a DVD player, or a television), media-playbackdevices (e.g., a compact disc player, a CD player, or the like),computing devices (e.g., a home computer, a laptop computer, a tablet, apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a computing device, or a wearabledevice), lighting devices (e.g., a lamp or recessed lighting), devicesassociated with a security system, devices associated with an alarmsystem, devices that can be operated in an automobile (e.g., radiodevices, navigation devices), and/or the like. Data may be collectedfrom such various sensors in raw form, or data may be processed by thesensors to create parameters or other data either developed by thesensors based on the raw data or assigned to the system by a client orother controlling device.

In another example, another type of system that may include varioussensors that collect data to be processed and/or transmitted to acomputing environment according to certain embodiments includes a poweror energy grid. A variety of different network devices may be includedin an energy grid, such as various devices within one or more powerplants, energy farms (e.g., wind farm, solar farm, among others) energystorage facilities, factories, homes and businesses of consumers, amongothers. One or more of such devices may include one or more sensors thatdetect energy gain or loss, electrical input or output or loss, and avariety of other efficiencies. These sensors may collect data to informusers of how the energy grid, and individual devices within the grid,may be functioning and how they may be made more efficient.

Network device sensors may also perform processing on data it collectsbefore transmitting the data to the computing environment 114, or beforedeciding whether to transmit data to the computing environment 114. Forexample, network devices may determine whether data collected meetscertain rules, for example by comparing data or values calculated fromthe data and comparing that data to one or more thresholds. The networkdevice may use this data and/or comparisons to determine if the datashould be transmitted to the computing environment 214 for further useor processing.

Computing environment 214 may include machines 220 and 240. Althoughcomputing environment 214 is shown in FIG. 2 as having two machines, 220and 240, computing environment 214 may have only one machine or may havemore than two machines. The machines that make up computing environment214 may include specialized computers, servers, or other machines thatare configured to individually and/or collectively process large amountsof data. The computing environment 214 may also include storage devicesthat include one or more databases of structured data, such as dataorganized in one or more hierarchies, or unstructured data. Thedatabases may communicate with the processing devices within computingenvironment 214 to distribute data to them. Since network devices maytransmit data to computing environment 214, that data may be received bythe computing environment 214 and subsequently stored within thosestorage devices. Data used by computing environment 214 may also bestored in data stores 235, which may also be a part of or connected tocomputing environment 214.

Computing environment 214 can communicate with various devices via oneor more routers 225 or other inter-network or intra-network connectioncomponents. For example, computing environment 214 may communicate withdevices 230 via one or more routers 225. Computing environment 214 maycollect, analyze and/or store data from or pertaining to communications,client device operations, client rules, and/or user-associated actionsstored at one or more data stores 235. Such data may influencecommunication routing to the devices within computing environment 214,how data is stored or processed within computing environment 214, amongother actions.

Notably, various other devices can further be used to influencecommunication routing and/or processing between devices within computingenvironment 214 and with devices outside of computing environment 214.For example, as shown in FIG. 2, computing environment 214 may include aweb server 240. Thus, computing environment 214 can retrieve data ofinterest, such as client information (e.g., product information, clientrules, etc.), technical product details, news, current or predictedweather, and so on.

In addition to computing environment 214 collecting data (e.g., asreceived from network devices, such as sensors, and client devices orother sources) to be processed as part of a big data analytics project,it may also receive data in real time as part of a streaming analyticsenvironment. As noted, data may be collected using a variety of sourcesas communicated via different kinds of networks or locally. Such datamay be received on a real-time streaming basis. For example, networkdevices may receive data periodically from network device sensors as thesensors continuously sense, monitor and track changes in theirenvironments. Devices within computing environment 214 may also performpre-analysis on data it receives to determine if the data receivedshould be processed as part of an ongoing project. The data received andcollected by computing environment 214, no matter what the source ormethod or timing of receipt, may be processed over a period of time fora client to determine results data based on the client's needs andrules.

FIG. 3 illustrates a representation of a conceptual model of acommunications protocol system, according to embodiments of the presenttechnology. More specifically, FIG. 3 identifies operation of acomputing environment in an Open Systems Interaction model thatcorresponds to various connection components. The model 300 shows, forexample, how a computing environment, such as computing environment 314(or computing environment 214 in FIG. 2) may communicate with otherdevices in its network, and control how communications between thecomputing environment and other devices are executed and under whatconditions.

The model can include layers 301-307. The layers are arranged in astack. Each layer in the stack serves the layer one level higher than it(except for the application layer, which is the highest layer), and isserved by the layer one level below it (except for the physical layer,which is the lowest layer). The physical layer is the lowest layerbecause it receives and transmits raw bites of data, and is the farthestlayer from the user in a communications system. On the other hand, theapplication layer is the highest layer because it interacts directlywith a software application.

As noted, the model includes a physical layer 301. Physical layer 301represents physical communication, and can define parameters of thatphysical communication. For example, such physical communication maycome in the form of electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signals.Physical layer 301 also defines protocols that may controlcommunications within a data transmission network.

Link layer 302 defines links and mechanisms used to transmit (i.e.,move) data across a network. The link layer 302 manages node-to-nodecommunications, such as within a grid computing environment. Link layer302 can detect and correct errors (e.g., transmission errors in thephysical layer 301). Link layer 302 can also include a media accesscontrol (MAC) layer and logical link control (LLC) layer.

Network layer 303 defines the protocol for routing within a network. Inother words, the network layer coordinates transferring data acrossnodes in a same network (e.g., such as a grid computing environment).Network layer 303 can also define the processes used to structure localaddressing within the network.

Transport layer 304 can manage the transmission of data and the qualityof the transmission and/or receipt of that data. Transport layer 304 canprovide a protocol for transferring data, such as, for example, aTransmission Control Protocol (TCP). Transport layer 304 can assembleand disassemble data frames for transmission. The transport layer canalso detect transmission errors occurring in the layers below it.

Session layer 305 can establish, maintain, and manage communicationconnections between devices on a network. In other words, the sessionlayer controls the dialogues or nature of communications between networkdevices on the network. The session layer may also establishcheckpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures.

Presentation layer 306 can provide translation for communicationsbetween the application and network layers. In other words, this layermay encrypt, decrypt and/or format data based on data types and/orencodings known to be accepted by an application or network layer.

Application layer 307 interacts directly with software applications andend users, and manages communications between them. Application layer307 can identify destinations, local resource states or availabilityand/or communication content or formatting using the applications.

Intra-network connection components 321 and 322 are shown to operate inlower levels, such as physical layer 301 and link layer 302,respectively. For example, a hub can operate in the physical layer, aswitch can operate in the link layer, and a router can operate in thenetwork layer. Inter-network connection components 323 and 328 are shownto operate on higher levels, such as layers 303-307. For example,routers can operate in the network layer and network devices can operatein the transport, session, presentation, and application layers.

As noted, a computing environment 314 can interact with and/or operateon, in various embodiments, one, more, all or any of the various layers.For example, computing environment 314 can interact with a hub (e.g.,via the link layer) so as to adjust which devices the hub communicateswith. The physical layer may be served by the link layer, so it mayimplement such data from the link layer. For example, the computingenvironment 314 may control which devices it will receive data from. Forexample, if the computing environment 314 knows that a certain networkdevice has turned off, broken, or otherwise become unavailable orunreliable, the computing environment 314 may instruct the hub toprevent any data from being transmitted to the computing environment 314from that network device. Such a process may be beneficial to avoidreceiving data that is inaccurate or that has been influenced by anuncontrolled environment. As another example, computing environment 314can communicate with a bridge, switch, router or gateway and influencewhich device within the system (e.g., system 200) the component selectsas a destination. In some embodiments, computing environment 314 caninteract with various layers by exchanging communications with equipmentoperating on a particular layer by routing or modifying existingcommunications. In another embodiment, such as in a grid computingenvironment, a node may determine how data within the environment shouldbe routed (e.g., which node should receive certain data) based oncertain parameters or information provided by other layers within themodel.

As noted, the computing environment 314 may be a part of acommunications grid environment, the communications of which may beimplemented as shown in the protocol of FIG. 3. For example, referringback to FIG. 2, one or more of machines 220 and 240 may be part of acommunications grid computing environment. A gridded computingenvironment may be employed in a distributed system with non-interactiveworkloads where data resides in memory on the machines, or computenodes. In such an environment, analytic code, instead of a databasemanagement system, controls the processing performed by the nodes. Datais co-located by pre-distributing it to the grid nodes, and the analyticcode on each node loads the local data into memory. Each node may beassigned a particular task such as a portion of a processing project, orto organize or control other nodes within the grid.

FIG. 4 illustrates a communications grid computing system 400 includinga variety of control and worker nodes, according to embodiments of thepresent technology. Communications grid computing system 400 includesthree control nodes and one or more worker nodes. Communications gridcomputing system 400 includes control nodes 402, 404, and 406. Thecontrol nodes are communicatively connected via communication paths 451,453, and 455. Therefore, the control nodes may transmit information(e.g., related to the communications grid or notifications), to andreceive information from each other. Although communications gridcomputing system 400 is shown in FIG. 4 as including three controlnodes, the communications grid may include more or less than threecontrol nodes.

Communications grid computing system (or just “communications grid”) 400also includes one or more worker nodes. Shown in FIG. 4 are six workernodes 410-420. Although FIG. 4 shows six worker nodes, a communicationsgrid according to embodiments of the present technology may include moreor less than six worker nodes. The number of worker nodes included in acommunications grid may be dependent upon how large the project or dataset is being processed by the communications grid, the capacity of eachworker node, the time designated for the communications grid to completethe project, among others. Each worker node within the communicationsgrid 400 may be connected (wired or wirelessly, and directly orindirectly) to control nodes 402-406. Therefore, each worker node mayreceive information from the control nodes (e.g., an instruction toperform work on a project) and may transmit information to the controlnodes (e.g., a result from work performed on a project). Furthermore,worker nodes may communicate with each other (either directly orindirectly). For example, worker nodes may transmit data between eachother related to a job being performed or an individual task within ajob being performed by that worker node. However, in certainembodiments, worker nodes may not, for example, be connected(communicatively or otherwise) to certain other worker nodes. In anembodiment, worker nodes may only be able to communicate with thecontrol node that controls it, and may not be able to communicate withother worker nodes in the communications grid, whether they are otherworker nodes controlled by the control node that controls the workernode, or worker nodes that are controlled by other control nodes in thecommunications grid.

A control node may connect with an external device with which thecontrol node may communicate (e.g., a grid user, such as a server orcomputer, may connect to a controller of the grid). For example, aserver or computer may connect to control nodes and may transmit aproject or job to the node. The project may include a data set. The dataset may be of any size. Once the control node receives such a projectincluding a large data set, the control node may distribute the data setor projects related to the data set to be performed by worker nodes.Alternatively, for a project including a large data set, the data setmay be received or stored by a machine other than a control node (e.g.,a HADOOP® standard-compliant data node employing the HADOOP® distributedfile system, or HDFS).

Control nodes may maintain knowledge of the status of the nodes in thegrid (i.e., grid status information), accept work requests from clients,subdivide the work across worker nodes, coordinate the worker nodes,among other responsibilities. Worker nodes may accept work requests froma control node and provide the control node with results of the workperformed by the worker node. A grid may be started from a single node(e.g., a machine, computer, server, etc.). This first node may beassigned or may start as the primary control node that will control anyadditional nodes that enter the grid.

When a project is submitted for execution (e.g., by a client or acontroller of the grid) it may be assigned to a set of nodes. After thenodes are assigned to a project, a data structure (i.e., a communicator)may be created. The communicator may be used by the project forinformation to be shared between the project code running on each node.A communication handle may be created on each node. A handle, forexample, is a reference to the communicator that is valid within asingle process on a single node, and the handle may be used whenrequesting communications between nodes.

A control node, such as control node 402, may be designated as theprimary control node. A server, computer or other external device mayconnect to the primary control node. Once the control node receives aproject, the primary control node may distribute portions of the projectto its worker nodes for execution. For example, when a project isinitiated on communications grid 400, primary control node 402 controlsthe work to be performed for the project in order to complete theproject as requested or instructed. The primary control node maydistribute work to the worker nodes based on various factors, such aswhich subsets or portions of projects may be completed most efficientlyand in the correct amount of time. For example, a worker node mayperform analysis on a portion of data that is already local (e.g.,stored on) the worker node. The primary control node also coordinatesand processes the results of the work performed by each worker nodeafter each worker node executes and completes its job. For example, theprimary control node may receive a result from one or more worker nodes,and the control node may organize (e.g., collect and assemble) theresults received and compile them to produce a complete result for theproject received from the end user.

Any remaining control nodes, such as control nodes 404 and 406, may beassigned as backup control nodes for the project. In an embodiment,backup control nodes may not control any portion of the project.Instead, backup control nodes may serve as a backup for the primarycontrol node and take over as primary control node if the primarycontrol node were to fail. If a communications grid were to include onlya single control node, and the control node were to fail (e.g., thecontrol node is shut off or breaks) then the communications grid as awhole may fail and any project or job being run on the communicationsgrid may fail and may not complete. While the project may be run again,such a failure may cause a delay (severe delay in some cases, such asovernight delay) in completion of the project. Therefore, a grid withmultiple control nodes, including a backup control node, may bebeneficial.

To add another node or machine to the grid, the primary control node mayopen a pair of listening sockets, for example. A socket may be used toaccept work requests from clients, and the second socket may be used toaccept connections from other grid nodes. The primary control node maybe provided with a list of other nodes (e.g., other machines, computers,servers) that will participate in the grid, and the role that each nodewill fill in the grid. Upon startup of the primary control node (e.g.,the first node on the grid), the primary control node may use a networkprotocol to start the server process on every other node in the grid.Command line parameters, for example, may inform each node of one ormore pieces of information, such as: the role that the node will have inthe grid, the host name of the primary control node, the port number onwhich the primary control node is accepting connections from peer nodes,among others. The information may also be provided in a configurationfile, transmitted over a secure shell tunnel, recovered from aconfiguration server, among others. While the other machines in the gridmay not initially know about the configuration of the grid, thatinformation may also be sent to each other node by the primary controlnode. Updates of the grid information may also be subsequently sent tothose nodes.

For any control node other than the primary control node added to thegrid, the control node may open three sockets. The first socket mayaccept work requests from clients, the second socket may acceptconnections from other grid members, and the third socket may connect(e.g., permanently) to the primary control node. When a control node(e.g., primary control node) receives a connection from another controlnode, it first checks to see if the peer node is in the list ofconfigured nodes in the grid. If it is not on the list, the control nodemay clear the connection. If it is on the list, it may then attempt toauthenticate the connection. If authentication is successful, theauthenticating node may transmit information to its peer, such as theport number on which a node is listening for connections, the host nameof the node, information about how to authenticate the node, among otherinformation. When a node, such as the new control node, receivesinformation about another active node, it will check to see if italready has a connection to that other node. If it does not have aconnection to that node, it may then establish a connection to thatcontrol node.

Any worker node added to the grid may establish a connection to theprimary control node and any other control nodes on the grid. Afterestablishing the connection, it may authenticate itself to the grid(e.g., any control nodes, including both primary and backup, or a serveror user controlling the grid). After successful authentication, theworker node may accept configuration information from the control node.

When a node joins a communications grid (e.g., when the node is poweredon or connected to an existing node on the grid or both), the node isassigned (e.g., by an operating system of the grid) a universally uniqueidentifier (UUID). This unique identifier may help other nodes andexternal entities (devices, users, etc.) to identify the node anddistinguish it from other nodes. When a node is connected to the grid,the node may share its unique identifier with the other nodes in thegrid. Since each node may share its unique identifier, each node mayknow the unique identifier of every other node on the grid. Uniqueidentifiers may also designate a hierarchy of each of the nodes (e.g.,backup control nodes) within the grid. For example, the uniqueidentifiers of each of the backup control nodes may be stored in a listof backup control nodes to indicate an order in which the backup controlnodes will take over for a failed primary control node to become a newprimary control node. However, a hierarchy of nodes may also bedetermined using methods other than using the unique identifiers of thenodes. For example, the hierarchy may be predetermined, or may beassigned based on other predetermined factors.

The grid may add new machines at any time (e.g., initiated from anycontrol node). Upon adding a new node to the grid, the control node mayfirst add the new node to its table of grid nodes. The control node mayalso then notify every other control node about the new node. The nodesreceiving the notification may acknowledge that they have updated theirconfiguration information.

Primary control node 402 may, for example, transmit one or morecommunications to backup control nodes 404 and 406 (and, for example, toother control or worker nodes within the communications grid). Suchcommunications may sent periodically, at fixed time intervals, betweenknown fixed stages of the project's execution, among other protocols.The communications transmitted by primary control node 402 may be ofvaried types and may include a variety of types of information. Forexample, primary control node 402 may transmit snapshots (e.g., statusinformation) of the communications grid so that backup control node 404always has a recent snapshot of the communications grid. The snapshot orgrid status may include, for example, the structure of the grid(including, for example, the worker nodes in the grid, uniqueidentifiers of the nodes, or their relationships with the primarycontrol node) and the status of a project (including, for example, thestatus of each worker node's portion of the project). The snapshot mayalso include analysis or results received from worker nodes in thecommunications grid. The backup control nodes may receive and store thebackup data received from the primary control node. The backup controlnodes may transmit a request for such a snapshot (or other information)from the primary control node, or the primary control node may send suchinformation periodically to the backup control nodes.

As noted, the backup data may allow the backup control node to take overas primary control node if the primary control node fails withoutrequiring the grid to start the project over from scratch. If theprimary control node fails, the backup control node that will take overas primary control node may retrieve the most recent version of thesnapshot received from the primary control node and use the snapshot tocontinue the project from the stage of the project indicated by thebackup data. This may prevent failure of the project as a whole.

A backup control node may use various methods to determine that theprimary control node has failed. In one example of such a method, theprimary control node may transmit (e.g., periodically) a communicationto the backup control node that indicates that the primary control nodeis working and has not failed, such as a heartbeat communication. Thebackup control node may determine that the primary control node hasfailed if the backup control node has not received a heartbeatcommunication for a certain predetermined period of time. Alternatively,a backup control node may also receive a communication from the primarycontrol node itself (before it failed) or from a worker node that theprimary control node has failed, for example because the primary controlnode has failed to communicate with the worker node.

Different methods may be performed to determine which backup controlnode of a set of backup control nodes (e.g., backup control nodes 404and 406) will take over for failed primary control node 402 and becomethe new primary control node. For example, the new primary control nodemay be chosen based on a ranking or “hierarchy” of backup control nodesbased on their unique identifiers. In an alternative embodiment, abackup control node may be assigned to be the new primary control nodeby another device in the communications grid or from an external device(e.g., a system infrastructure or an end user, such as a server orcomputer, controlling the communications grid). In another alternativeembodiment, the backup control node that takes over as the new primarycontrol node may be designated based on bandwidth or other statisticsabout the communications grid.

A worker node within the communications grid may also fail. If a workernode fails, work being performed by the failed worker node may beredistributed amongst the operational worker nodes. In an alternativeembodiment, the primary control node may transmit a communication toeach of the operable worker nodes still on the communications grid thateach of the worker nodes should purposefully fail also. After each ofthe worker nodes fail, they may each retrieve their most recent savedcheckpoint of their status and re-start the project from that checkpointto minimize lost progress on the project being executed.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process 500 foradjusting a communications grid or a work project in a communicationsgrid after a failure of a node, according to embodiments of the presenttechnology. The process may include, for example, receiving grid statusinformation including a project status of a portion of a project beingexecuted by a node in the communications grid, as described in operation502. For example, a control node (e.g., a backup control node connectedto a primary control node and a worker node on a communications grid)may receive grid status information, where the grid status informationincludes a project status of the primary control node or a projectstatus of the worker node. The project status of the primary controlnode and the project status of the worker node may include a status ofone or more portions of a project being executed by the primary andworker nodes in the communications grid. The process may also includestoring the grid status information, as described in operation 504. Forexample, a control node (e.g., a backup control node) may store thereceived grid status information locally within the control node.Alternatively, the grid status information may be sent to another devicefor storage where the control node may have access to the information.

The process may also include receiving a failure communicationcorresponding to a node in the communications grid in operation 506. Forexample, a node may receive a failure communication including anindication that the primary control node has failed, prompting a backupcontrol node to take over for the primary control node. In analternative embodiment, a node may receive a failure that a worker nodehas failed, prompting a control node to reassign the work beingperformed by the worker node. The process may also include reassigning anode or a portion of the project being executed by the failed node, asdescribed in operation 508. For example, a control node may designatethe backup control node as a new primary control node based on thefailure communication upon receiving the failure communication. If thefailed node is a worker node, a control node may identify a projectstatus of the failed worker node using the snapshot of thecommunications grid, where the project status of the failed worker nodeincludes a status of a portion of the project being executed by thefailed worker node at the failure time.

The process may also include receiving updated grid status informationbased on the reassignment, as described in operation 510, andtransmitting a set of instructions based on the updated grid statusinformation to one or more nodes in the communications grid, asdescribed in operation 512. The updated grid status information mayinclude an updated project status of the primary control node or anupdated project status of the worker node. The updated information maybe transmitted to the other nodes in the grid to update their stalestored information.

FIG. 6 illustrates a portion of a communications grid computing system600 including a control node and a worker node, according to embodimentsof the present technology. Communications grid 600 computing systemincludes one control node (control node 602) and one worker node (workernode 610) for purposes of illustration, but may include more workerand/or control nodes. The control node 602 is communicatively connectedto worker node 610 via communication path 650. Therefore, control node602 may transmit information (e.g., related to the communications gridor notifications), to and receive information from worker node 610 viapath 650.

Similar to in FIG. 4, communications grid computing system (or just“communications grid”) 600 includes data processing nodes (control node602 and worker node 610). Nodes 602 and 610 include multi-core dataprocessors. Each node 602 and 610 includes a grid-enabled softwarecomponent (GESC) 620 that executes on the data processor associated withthat node and interfaces with buffer memory 622 also associated withthat node. Each node 602 and 610 includes a database management software(DBMS) 628 that executes on a database server (not shown) at controlnode 602 and on a database server (not shown) at worker node 610.

Each node also includes a data store 624. Data stores 624, similar tonetwork-attached data stores 110 in FIG. 1 and data stores 235 in FIG.2, are used to store data to be processed by the nodes in the computingenvironment. Data stores 624 may also store any intermediate or finaldata generated by the computing system after being processed, forexample in non-volatile memory. However in certain embodiments, theconfiguration of the grid computing environment allows its operations tobe performed such that intermediate and final data results can be storedsolely in volatile memory (e.g., RAM), without a requirement thatintermediate or final data results be stored to non-volatile types ofmemory. Storing such data in volatile memory may be useful in certainsituations, such as when the grid receives queries (e.g., ad hoc) from aclient and when responses, which are generated by processing largeamounts of data, need to be generated quickly or on-the-fly. In such asituation, the grid may be configured to retain the data within memoryso that responses can be generated at different levels of detail and sothat a client may interactively query against this information.

Each node also includes a user-defined function (UDF) 626. The UDFprovides a mechanism for the DBMS 628 to transfer data to or receivedata from the database stored in the data stores 624 that are managed bythe DBMS. For example, UDF 626 can be invoked by the DBMS to providedata to the GESC for processing. The UDF 626 may establish a socketconnection (not shown) with the GESC to transfer the data.Alternatively, the UDF 626 can transfer data to the GESC by writing datato shared memory accessible by both the UDF and the GESC.

The GESC 620 at the nodes 602 and 620 may be connected via a network,such as network 108 shown in FIG. 1. Therefore, nodes 602 and 620 cancommunicate with each other via the network using a predeterminedcommunication protocol such as, for example, the Message PassingInterface (MPI). Each GESC 620 can engage in point-to-pointcommunication with the GESC at another node or in collectivecommunication with multiple GESCs via the network. The GESC 620 at eachnode may contain identical (or nearly identical) software instructions.Each node may be capable of operating as either a control node or aworker node. The GESC at the control node 602 can communicate, over acommunication path 652, with a client deice 630. More specifically,control node 602 may communicate with client application 632 hosted bythe client device 630 to receive queries and to respond to those queriesafter processing large amounts of data.

DBMS 628 may control the creation, maintenance, and use of database ordata structure (not shown) within a nodes 602 or 610. The database mayorganize data stored in data stores 624. The DBMS 628 at control node602 may accept requests for data and transfer the appropriate data forthe request. With such a process, collections of data may be distributedacross multiple physical locations. In this example, each node 602 and610 stores a portion of the total data managed by the management systemin its associated data store 624.

Furthermore, the DBMS may be responsible for protecting against dataloss using replication techniques. Replication includes providing abackup copy of data stored on one node on one or more other nodes.Therefore, if one node fails, the data from the failed node can berecovered from a replicated copy residing at another node. However, asdescribed herein with respect to FIG. 4, data or status information foreach node in the communications grid may also be shared with each nodeon the grid.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart showing an example method 700 forexecuting a project within a grid computing system, according toembodiments of the present technology. As described with respect to FIG.6, the GESC at the control node may transmit data with a client device(e.g., client device 630) to receive queries for executing a project andto respond to those queries after large amounts of data have beenprocessed. The query may be transmitted to the control node, where thequery may include a request for executing a project, as described inoperation 702. The query can contain instructions on the type of dataanalysis to be performed in the project and whether the project shouldbe executed using the grid-based computing environment, as shown inoperation 704.

To initiate the project, the control node may determine if the queryrequests use of the grid-based computing environment to execute theproject. If the determination is no, then the control node initiatesexecution of the project in a solo environment (e.g., at the controlnode), as described in operation 710. If the determination is yes, thecontrol node may initiate execution of the project in the grid-basedcomputing environment, as described in operation 706. In such asituation, the request may include a requested configuration of thegrid. For example, the request may include a number of control nodes anda number of worker nodes to be used in the grid when executing theproject. After the project has been completed, the control node maytransmit results of the analysis yielded by the grid, as described inoperation 708. Whether the project is executed in a solo or grid-basedenvironment, the control node provides the results of the project, asdescribed in operation 712.

As noted with respect to FIG. 2, the computing environments describedherein may collect data (e.g., as received from network devices, such assensors, such as network devices 204-209 in FIG. 2, and client devicesor other sources) to be processed as part of a data analytics project,and data may be received in real time as part of a streaming analyticsenvironment (e.g., ESP). Data may be collected using a variety ofsources as communicated via different kinds of networks or locally, suchas on a real-time streaming basis. For example, network devices mayreceive data periodically from network device sensors as the sensorscontinuously sense, monitor and track changes in their environments.More specifically, an increasing number of distributed applicationsdevelop or produce continuously flowing data from distributed sources byapplying queries to the data before distributing the data togeographically distributed recipients. An event stream processing engine(ESPE) may continuously apply the queries to the data as it is receivedand determines which entities should receive the data. Client or otherdevices may also subscribe to the ESPE or other devices processing ESPdata so that they can receive data after processing, based on forexample the entities determined by the processing engine. For example,client devices 230 in FIG. 2 may subscribe to the ESPE in computingenvironment 214. In another example, event subscription devices 1024a-c, described further with respect to FIG. 10, may also subscribe tothe ESPE. The ESPE may determine or define how input data or eventstreams from network devices or other publishers (e.g., network devices204-209 in FIG. 2) are transformed into meaningful output data to beconsumed by subscribers, such as for example client devices 230 in FIG.2.

FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram including components of an EventStream Processing Engine (ESPE), according to embodiments of the presenttechnology. ESPE 800 may include one or more projects 802. A project maybe described as a second-level container in an engine model managed byESPE 800 where a thread pool size for the project may be defined by auser. Each project of the one or more projects 802 may include one ormore continuous queries 804 that contain data flows, which are datatransformations of incoming event streams. The one or more continuousqueries 804 may include one or more source windows 806 and one or morederived windows 808.

The ESPE may receive streaming data over a period of time related tocertain events, such as events or other data sensed by one or morenetwork devices. The ESPE may perform operations associated withprocessing data created by the one or more devices. For example, theESPE may receive data from the one or more network devices 204-209 shownin FIG. 2. As noted, the network devices may include sensors that sensedifferent aspects of their environments, and may collect data over timebased on those sensed observations. For example, the ESPE may beimplemented within one or more of machines 220 and 240 shown in FIG. 2.The ESPE may be implemented within such a machine by an ESP application.An ESP application may embed an ESPE with its own dedicated thread poolor pools into its application space where the main application threadcan do application-specific work and the ESPE processes event streams atleast by creating an instance of a model into processing objects.

The engine container is the top-level container in a model that managesthe resources of the one or more projects 802. In an illustrativeembodiment, for example, there may be only one ESPE 800 for eachinstance of the ESP application, and ESPE 800 may have a unique enginename. Additionally, the one or more projects 802 may each have uniqueproject names, and each query may have a unique continuous query nameand begin with a uniquely named source window of the one or more sourcewindows 806. ESPE 800 may or may not be persistent.

Continuous query modeling involves defining directed graphs of windowsfor event stream manipulation and transformation. A window in thecontext of event stream manipulation and transformation is a processingnode in an event stream processing model. A window in a continuous querycan perform aggregations, computations, pattern-matching, and otheroperations on data flowing through the window. A continuous query may bedescribed as a directed graph of source, relational, pattern matching,and procedural windows. The one or more source windows 806 and the oneor more derived windows 808 represent continuously executing queriesthat generate updates to a query result set as new event blocks streamthrough ESPE 800. A directed graph, for example, is a set of nodesconnected by edges, where the edges have a direction associated withthem.

An event object may be described as a packet of data accessible as acollection of fields, with at least one of the fields defined as a keyor unique identifier (ID). The event object may be created using avariety of formats including binary, alphanumeric, XML, etc. Each eventobject may include one or more fields designated as a primary identifier(ID) for the event so ESPE 800 can support operation codes (opcodes) forevents including insert, update, upsert, and delete. Upsert opcodesupdate the event if the key field already exists; otherwise, the eventis inserted. For illustration, an event object may be a packed binaryrepresentation of a set of field values and include both metadata andfield data associated with an event. The metadata may include an opcodeindicating if the event represents an insert, update, delete, or upsert,a set of flags indicating if the event is a normal, partial-update, or aretention generated event from retention policy management, and a set ofmicrosecond timestamps that can be used for latency measurements.

An event block object may be described as a grouping or package of eventobjects. An event stream may be described as a flow of event blockobjects. A continuous query of the one or more continuous queries 804transforms a source event stream made up of streaming event blockobjects published into ESPE 800 into one or more output event streamsusing the one or more source windows 806 and the one or more derivedwindows 808. A continuous query can also be thought of as data flowmodeling.

The one or more source windows 806 are at the top of the directed graphand have no windows feeding into them. Event streams are published intothe one or more source windows 806, and from there, the event streamsmay be directed to the next set of connected windows as defined by thedirected graph. The one or more derived windows 808 are all instantiatedwindows that are not source windows and that have other windowsstreaming events into them. The one or more derived windows 808 mayperform computations or transformations on the incoming event streams.The one or more derived windows 808 transform event streams based on thewindow type (that is operators such as join, filter, compute, aggregate,copy, pattern match, procedural, union, etc.) and window settings. Asevent streams are published into ESPE 800, they are continuouslyqueried, and the resulting sets of derived windows in these queries arecontinuously updated.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart showing an example process includingoperations performed by an event stream processing engine, according tosome embodiments of the present technology. As noted, the ESPE 800 (oran associated ESP application) defines how input event streams aretransformed into meaningful output event streams. More specifically, theESP application may define how input event streams from publishers(e.g., network devices providing sensed data) are transformed intomeaningful output event streams consumed by subscribers (e.g., a dataanalytics project being executed by a machine or set of machines).

Within the application, a user may interact with one or more userinterface windows presented to the user in a display under control ofthe ESPE independently or through a browser application in an orderselectable by the user. For example, a user may execute an ESPapplication, which causes presentation of a first user interface window,which may include a plurality of menus and selectors such as drop downmenus, buttons, text boxes, hyperlinks, etc. associated with the ESPapplication as understood by a person of skill in the art. As furtherunderstood by a person of skill in the art, various operations may beperformed in parallel, for example, using a plurality of threads.

At operation 900, an ESP application may define and start an ESPE,thereby instantiating an ESPE at a device, such as machine 220 and/or240. In an operation 902, the engine container is created. Forillustration, ESPE 800 may be instantiated using a function call thatspecifies the engine container as a manager for the model.

In an operation 904, the one or more continuous queries 804 areinstantiated by ESPE 800 as a model. The one or more continuous queries804 may be instantiated with a dedicated thread pool or pools thatgenerate updates as new events stream through ESPE 800. Forillustration, the one or more continuous queries 804 may be created tomodel business processing logic within ESPE 800, to predict eventswithin ESPE 800, to model a physical system within ESPE 800, to predictthe physical system state within ESPE 800, etc. For example, as noted,ESPE 800 may be used to support sensor data monitoring and management(e.g., sensing may include force, torque, load, strain, position,temperature, air pressure, fluid flow, chemical properties, resistance,electromagnetic fields, radiation, irradiance, proximity, acoustics,moisture, distance, speed, vibrations, acceleration, electricalpotential, or electrical current, etc.).

ESPE 800 may analyze and process events in motion or “event streams.”Instead of storing data and running queries against the stored data,ESPE 800 may store queries and stream data through them to allowcontinuous analysis of data as it is received. The one or more sourcewindows 806 and the one or more derived windows 808 may be created basedon the relational, pattern matching, and procedural algorithms thattransform the input event streams into the output event streams tomodel, simulate, score, test, predict, etc. based on the continuousquery model defined and application to the streamed data.

In an operation 906, a publish/subscribe (pub/sub) capability isinitialized for ESPE 800. In an illustrative embodiment, a pub/subcapability is initialized for each project of the one or more projects802. To initialize and enable pub/sub capability for ESPE 800, a portnumber may be provided. Pub/sub clients can use a host name of an ESPdevice running the ESPE and the port number to establish pub/subconnections to ESPE 800.

FIG. 10 illustrates an ESP system 1000 interfacing between publishingdevice 1022 and event subscribing devices 1024 a-c, according toembodiments of the present technology. ESP system 1000 may include ESPdevice or subsystem 851, event publishing device 1022, an eventsubscribing device A 1024 a, an event subscribing device B 1024 b, andan event subscribing device C 1024 c. Input event streams are output toESP device 851 by publishing device 1022. In alternative embodiments,the input event streams may be created by a plurality of publishingdevices. The plurality of publishing devices further may publish eventstreams to other ESP devices. The one or more continuous queriesinstantiated by ESPE 800 may analyze and process the input event streamsto form output event streams output to event subscribing device A 1024a, event subscribing device B 1024 b, and event subscribing device C1024 c. ESP system 1000 may include a greater or a fewer number of eventsubscribing devices of event subscribing devices.

Publish-subscribe is a message-oriented interaction paradigm based onindirect addressing. Processed data recipients specify their interest inreceiving information from ESPE 800 by subscribing to specific classesof events, while information sources publish events to ESPE 800 withoutdirectly addressing the receiving parties. ESPE 800 coordinates theinteractions and processes the data. In some cases, the data sourcereceives confirmation that the published information has been receivedby a data recipient.

A publish/subscribe API may be described as a library that enables anevent publisher, such as publishing device 1022, to publish eventstreams into ESPE 800 or an event subscriber, such as event subscribingdevice A 1024 a, event subscribing device B 1024 b, and eventsubscribing device C 1024 c, to subscribe to event streams from ESPE800. For illustration, one or more publish/subscribe APIs may bedefined. Using the publish/subscribe API, an event publishingapplication may publish event streams into a running event streamprocessor project source window of ESPE 800, and the event subscriptionapplication may subscribe to an event stream processor project sourcewindow of ESPE 800.

The publish/subscribe API provides cross-platform connectivity andendianness compatibility between ESP application and other networkedapplications, such as event publishing applications instantiated atpublishing device 1022, and event subscription applications instantiatedat one or more of event subscribing device A 1024 a, event subscribingdevice B 1024 b, and event subscribing device C 1024 c.

Referring back to FIG. 9, operation 906 initializes thepublish/subscribe capability of ESPE 800. In an operation 908, the oneor more projects 802 are started. The one or more started projects mayrun in the background on an ESP device. In an operation 910, an eventblock object is received from one or more computing device of the eventpublishing device 1022.

ESP subsystem 800 may include a publishing client 1002, ESPE 800, asubscribing client A 1004, a subscribing client B 1006, and asubscribing client C 1008. Publishing client 1002 may be started by anevent publishing application executing at publishing device 1022 usingthe publish/subscribe API. Subscribing client A 1004 may be started byan event subscription application A, executing at event subscribingdevice A 1024 a using the publish/subscribe API. Subscribing client B1006 may be started by an event subscription application B executing atevent subscribing device B 1024 b using the publish/subscribe API.Subscribing client C 1008 may be started by an event subscriptionapplication C executing at event subscribing device C 1024 c using thepublish/subscribe API.

An event block object containing one or more event objects is injectedinto a source window of the one or more source windows 806 from aninstance of an event publishing application on event publishing device1022. The event block object may generated, for example, by the eventpublishing application and may be received by publishing client 1002. Aunique ID may be maintained as the event block object is passed betweenthe one or more source windows 806 and/or the one or more derivedwindows 808 of ESPE 800, and to subscribing client A 1004, subscribingclient B 1006, and subscribing client C 1008 and to event subscriptiondevice A 1024 a, event subscription device B 1024 b, and eventsubscription device C 1024 c. Publishing client 1002 may furthergenerate and include a unique embedded transaction ID in the event blockobject as the event block object is processed by a continuous query, aswell as the unique ID that publishing device 1022 assigned to the eventblock object.

In an operation 912, the event block object is processed through the oneor more continuous queries 804. In an operation 914, the processed eventblock object is output to one or more computing devices of the eventsubscribing devices 1024 a-c. For example, subscribing client A 1004,subscribing client B 1006, and subscribing client C 1008 may send thereceived event block object to event subscription device A 1024 a, eventsubscription device B 1024 b, and event subscription device C 1024 c,respectively.

ESPE 800 maintains the event block containership aspect of the receivedevent blocks from when the event block is published into a source windowand works its way through the directed graph defined by the one or morecontinuous queries 804 with the various event translations before beingoutput to subscribers. Subscribers can correlate a group of subscribedevents back to a group of published events by comparing the unique ID ofthe event block object that a publisher, such as publishing device 1022,attached to the event block object with the event block ID received bythe subscriber.

In an operation 916, a determination is made concerning whether or notprocessing is stopped. If processing is not stopped, processingcontinues in operation 910 to continue receiving the one or more eventstreams containing event block objects from the, for example, one ormore network devices. If processing is stopped, processing continues inan operation 918. In operation 918, the started projects are stopped. Inoperation 920, the ESPE is shutdown.

As noted, in some embodiments, big data is processed for an analyticsproject after the data is received and stored. In other embodiments,distributed applications process continuously flowing data in real-timefrom distributed sources by applying queries to the data beforedistributing the data to geographically distributed recipients. Asnoted, an event stream processing engine (ESPE) may continuously applythe queries to the data as it is received and determines which entitiesreceive the processed data. This allows for large amounts of data beingreceived and/or collected in a variety of environments to be processedand distributed in real time. For example, as shown with respect to FIG.2, data may be collected from network devices that may include deviceswithin the internet of things, such as devices within a home automationnetwork. However, such data may be collected from a variety of differentresources in a variety of different environments. In any such situation,embodiments of the present technology allow for real-time processing ofsuch data.

Aspects of the current disclosure provide technical solutions totechnical problems, such as computing problems that arise when an ESPdevice fails which results in a complete service interruption andpotentially significant data loss. The data loss can be catastrophicwhen the streamed data is supporting mission critical operations such asthose in support of an ongoing manufacturing or drilling operation. Anembodiment of an ESP system achieves a rapid and seamless failover ofESPE running at the plurality of ESP devices without serviceinterruption or data loss, thus significantly improving the reliabilityof an operational system that relies on the live or real-time processingof the data streams. The event publishing systems, the event subscribingsystems, and each ESPE not executing at a failed ESP device are notaware of or effected by the failed ESP device. The ESP system mayinclude thousands of event publishing systems and event subscribingsystems. The ESP system keeps the failover logic and awareness withinthe boundaries of out-messaging network connector and out-messagingnetwork device.

In one example embodiment, a system is provided to support a failoverwhen event stream processing (ESP) event blocks. The system includes,but is not limited to, an out-messaging network device and a computingdevice. The computing device includes, but is not limited to, aprocessor and a computer-readable medium operably coupled to theprocessor. The processor is configured to execute an ESP engine (ESPE).The computer-readable medium has instructions stored thereon that, whenexecuted by the processor, cause the computing device to support thefailover. An event block object is received from the ESPE that includesa unique identifier. A first status of the computing device as active orstandby is determined. When the first status is active, a second statusof the computing device as newly active or not newly active isdetermined. Newly active is determined when the computing device isswitched from a standby status to an active status. When the secondstatus is newly active, a last published event block object identifierthat uniquely identifies a last published event block object isdetermined. A next event block object is selected from a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium accessible by the computing device. The nextevent block object has an event block object identifier that is greaterthan the determined last published event block object identifier. Theselected next event block object is published to an out-messagingnetwork device. When the second status of the computing device is notnewly active, the received event block object is published to theout-messaging network device. When the first status of the computingdevice is standby, the received event block object is stored in thenon-transitory computer-readable medium.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of an example of a process for generating andusing a machine-learning model according to some aspects. Machinelearning is a branch of artificial intelligence that relates tomathematical models that can learn from, categorize, and makepredictions about data. Such mathematical models, which can be referredto as machine-learning models, can classify input data among two or moreclasses; cluster input data among two or more groups; predict a resultbased on input data; identify patterns or trends in input data; identifya distribution of input data in a space; or any combination of these.Examples of machine-learning models can include (i) neural networks;(ii) decision trees, such as classification trees and regression trees;(iii) classifiers, such as Naïve bias classifiers, logistic regressionclassifiers, ridge regression classifiers, random forest classifiers,least absolute shrinkage and selector (LASSO) classifiers, and supportvector machines; (iv) clusterers, such as k-means clusterers, mean-shiftclusterers, and spectral clusterers; (v) factorizers, such asfactorization machines, principal component analyzers and kernelprincipal component analyzers; and (vi) ensembles or other combinationsof machine-learning models. In some examples, neural networks caninclude deep neural networks, feed-forward neural networks, recurrentneural networks, convolutional neural networks, radial basis function(RBF) neural networks, echo state neural networks, long short-termmemory neural networks, bi-directional recurrent neural networks, gatedneural networks, hierarchical recurrent neural networks, stochasticneural networks, modular neural networks, spiking neural networks,dynamic neural networks, cascading neural networks, neuro-fuzzy neuralnetworks, or any combination of these.

Different machine-learning models may be used interchangeably to performa task. Examples of tasks that can be performed at least partially usingmachine-learning models include various types of scoring;bioinformatics; cheminformatics; software engineering; fraud detection;customer segmentation; generating online recommendations; adaptivewebsites; determining customer lifetime value; search engines; placingadvertisements in real time or near real time; classifying DNAsequences; affective computing; performing natural language processingand understanding; object recognition and computer vision; roboticlocomotion; playing games; optimization and metaheuristics; detectingnetwork intrusions; medical diagnosis and monitoring; or predicting whenan asset, such as a machine, will need maintenance.

Any number and combination of tools can be used to createmachine-learning models. Examples of tools for creating and managingmachine-learning models can include SAS® Enterprise Miner, SAS® RapidPredictive Modeler, and SAS® Model Manager, SAS Cloud Analytic Services(CAS) ®, SAS Viya ® of all which are by SAS Institute Inc. of Cary, N.C.

Machine-learning models can be constructed through an at least partiallyautomated (e.g., with little or no human involvement) process calledtraining. During training, input data can be iteratively supplied to amachine-learning model to enable the machine-learning model to identifypatterns related to the input data or to identify relationships betweenthe input data and output data. With training, the machine-learningmodel can be transformed from an untrained state to a trained state.Input data can be split into one or more training sets and one or morevalidation sets, and the training process may be repeated multipletimes. The splitting may follow a k-fold cross-validation rule, aleave-one-out-rule, a leave-p-out rule, or a holdout rule. An overviewof training and using a machine-learning model is described below withrespect to the flow chart of FIG. 11.

In block 1104, training data is received. In some examples, the trainingdata is received from a remote database or a local database, constructedfrom various subsets of data, or input by a user. The training data canbe used in its raw form for training a machine-learning model orpre-processed into another form, which can then be used for training themachine-learning model. For example, the raw form of the training datacan be smoothed, truncated, aggregated, clustered, or otherwisemanipulated into another form, which can then be used for training themachine-learning model.

In block 1106, a machine-learning model is trained using the trainingdata. The machine-learning model can be trained in a supervised,unsupervised, or semi-supervised manner. In supervised training, eachinput in the training data is correlated to a desired output. Thisdesired output may be a scalar, a vector, or a different type of datastructure such as text or an image. This may enable the machine-learningmodel to learn a mapping between the inputs and desired outputs. Inunsupervised training, the training data includes inputs, but notdesired outputs, so that the machine-learning model has to findstructure in the inputs on its own. In semi-supervised training, onlysome of the inputs in the training data are correlated to desiredoutputs.

In block 1108, the machine-learning model is evaluated. For example, anevaluation dataset can be obtained, for example, via user input or froma database. The evaluation dataset can include inputs correlated todesired outputs. The inputs can be provided to the machine-learningmodel and the outputs from the machine-learning model can be compared tothe desired outputs. If the outputs from the machine-learning modelclosely correspond with the desired outputs, the machine-learning modelmay have a high degree of accuracy. For example, if 90% or more of theoutputs from the machine-learning model are the same as the desiredoutputs in the evaluation dataset, the machine-learning model may have ahigh degree of accuracy. Otherwise, the machine-learning model may havea low degree of accuracy. The 90% number is an example only. A realisticand desirable accuracy percentage is dependent on the problem and thedata.

In some examples, if the machine-learning model has an inadequate degreeof accuracy for a particular task, the process can return to block 1106,where the machine-learning model can be further trained using additionaltraining data or otherwise modified to improve accuracy. If themachine-learning model has an adequate degree of accuracy for theparticular task, the process can continue to block 1110.

In block 1110, new data is received. In some examples, the new data isreceived from a remote database or a local database, constructed fromvarious subsets of data, or input by a user. The new data may be unknownto the machine-learning model. For example, the machine-learning modelmay not have previously processed or analyzed the new data.

In block 1112, the trained machine-learning model is used to analyze thenew data and provide a result. For example, the new data can be providedas input to the trained machine-learning model. The trainedmachine-learning model can analyze the new data and provide a resultthat includes a classification of the new data into a particular class,a clustering of the new data into a particular group, a prediction basedon the new data, or any combination of these.

In block 1114, the result is post-processed. For example, the result canbe added to, multiplied with, or otherwise combined with other data aspart of a job. As another example, the result can be transformed from afirst format, such as a time series format, into another format, such asa count series format. Any number and combination of operations can beperformed on the result during post-processing.

A more specific example of a machine-learning model is the neuralnetwork 1200 shown in FIG. 12. The neural network 1200 is represented asmultiple layers of interconnected neurons, such as neuron 1208, that canexchange data between one another. The layers include an input layer1202 for receiving input data, a hidden layer 1204, and an output layer1206 for providing a result. The hidden layer 1204 is referred to ashidden because it may not be directly observable or have its inputdirectly accessible during the normal functioning of the neural network1200. Although the neural network 1200 is shown as having a specificnumber of layers and neurons for exemplary purposes, the neural network1200 can have any number and combination of layers, and each layer canhave any number and combination of neurons.

The neurons and connections between the neurons can have numericweights, which can be tuned during training. For example, training datacan be provided to the input layer 1202 of the neural network 1200, andthe neural network 1200 can use the training data to tune one or morenumeric weights of the neural network 1200. In some examples, the neuralnetwork 1200 can be trained using backpropagation. Backpropagation caninclude determining a gradient of a particular numeric weight based on adifference between an actual output of the neural network 1200 and adesired output of the neural network 1200. Based on the gradient, one ormore numeric weights of the neural network 1200 can be updated to reducethe difference, thereby increasing the accuracy of the neural network1200. This process can be repeated multiple times to train the neuralnetwork 1200. For example, this process can be repeated hundreds orthousands of times to train the neural network 1200.

In some examples, the neural network 1200 is a feed-forward neuralnetwork. In a feed-forward neural network, every neuron only propagatesan output value to a subsequent layer of the neural network 1200. Forexample, data may only move one direction (forward) from one neuron tothe next neuron in a feed-forward neural network.

In other examples, the neural network 1200 is a recurrent neuralnetwork. A recurrent neural network can include one or more feedbackloops, allowing data to propagate in both forward and backward throughthe neural network 1200. This can allow for information to persistwithin the recurrent neural network. For example, a recurrent neuralnetwork can determine an output based at least partially on informationthat the recurrent neural network has seen before, giving the recurrentneural network the ability to use previous input to inform the output.

In some examples, the neural network 1200 operates by receiving a vectorof numbers from one layer; transforming the vector of numbers into a newvector of numbers using a matrix of numeric weights, a nonlinearity, orboth; and providing the new vector of numbers to a subsequent layer ofthe neural network 1200. Each subsequent layer of the neural network1200 can repeat this process until the neural network 1200 outputs afinal result at the output layer 1206. For example, the neural network1200 can receive a vector of numbers as an input at the input layer1202. The neural network 1200 can multiply the vector of numbers by amatrix of numeric weights to determine a weighted vector. The matrix ofnumeric weights can be tuned during the training of the neural network1200. The neural network 1200 can transform the weighted vector using anonlinearity, such as a sigmoid tangent or the hyperbolic tangent. Insome examples, the nonlinearity can include a rectified linear unit,which can be expressed using the equation y=max(x, 0) where y is theoutput and x is an input value from the weighted vector. The transformedoutput can be supplied to a subsequent layer, such as the hidden layer1204, of the neural network 1200. The subsequent layer of the neuralnetwork 1200 can receive the transformed output, multiply thetransformed output by a matrix of numeric weights and a nonlinearity,and provide the result to yet another layer of the neural network 1200.This process continues until the neural network 1200 outputs a finalresult at the output layer 1206.

Other examples of the present disclosure may include any number andcombination of machine-learning models having any number and combinationof characteristics. The machine-learning model(s) can be trained in asupervised, semi-supervised, or unsupervised manner, or any combinationof these. The machine-learning model(s) can be implemented using asingle computing device or multiple computing devices, such as thecommunications grid computing system 400 discussed above.

Implementing some examples of the present disclosure at least in part byusing machine-learning models can reduce the total number of processingiterations, time, memory, electrical power, or any combination of theseconsumed by a computing device when analyzing data. For example, aneural network may more readily identify patterns in data than otherapproaches. This may enable the neural network to analyze the data usingfewer processing cycles and less memory than other approaches, whileobtaining a similar or greater level of accuracy.

Some machine-learning approaches may be more efficiently and speedilyexecuted and processed with machine-learning specific processors (e.g.,not a generic CPU). Such processors may also provide an energy savingswhen compared to generic CPUs. For example, some of these processors caninclude a graphical processing unit (GPU), an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), anartificial intelligence (AI) accelerator, a neural computing core, aneural computing engine, a neural processing unit, a purpose-built chiparchitecture for deep learning, and/or some other machine-learningspecific processor that implements a machine learning approach or one ormore neural networks using semiconductor (e.g., silicon (Si), galliumarsenide(GaAs)) devices. These processors may also be employed inheterogeneous computing architectures with a number of and a variety ofdifferent types of cores, engines, nodes, and/or layers to achievevarious energy efficiencies, processing speed improvements, datacommunication speed improvements, and/or data efficiency targets andimprovements throughout various parts of the system when compared to ahomogeneous computing architecture that employs CPUs for general purposecomputing.

FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate two different example embodiments of aprocessing system 2000, and FIG. 14 illustrates an example of the use ofeither of these embodiments of the processing system 2000 to implement aframework for the performance of operations to convert speech to textand/or to derive insights from such text. More specifically, FIG. 13Aillustrates a block diagram of an example embodiment of a distributedprocessing system 2000 incorporating one or more storage devices 2100that may form a storage grid 2001, one or more node devices 2300 thatmay form of a node device grid 2003, at least one control device 2500and/or at least one requesting device 2700 coupled by a network 2999.FIG. 13B illustrates a block diagram of an alternate example embodimentof a non-distributed processing system 2000 in which the processingfunctionality of the one or more node devices 2300 is incorporated intothe at least one control device 2500.

Turning to FIG. 13A, the storage device(s) 2100 may store one or morespeech data sets 3100 in which speech audio may be stored in any of avariety of digital audio storage formats. Where there are multiplestorage devices 2100, at least a subset of the one or more speech datasets 3100 may be stored in a distributed manner in which differentportions thereof are stored within different ones of the storage devices2100. Each of the one or more speech data sets 3100 may be so storedwithin or retrieved from the storage device(s) 2100 by the one or morenode devices 2300 under the control of the control device 2500. Morespecifically, in support of a distributed performance of at least someof the pre-processing operations, speech-to-text processing operationsand/or text analytics post-processing operations across multiple nodedevices 2300, a speech data set 3100 may be divided into data chunks3110 that each represent a chunk of the speech audio of the speech dataset 3100, and/or may be divided into data segments 3140 that eachrepresent a speech segment of that speech audio. Those data chunks 3110and/or data segments 3140 may then be distributed among, and/orotherwise provided to, multiple ones of the node devices 2300 fromdifferent ones of the storage devices 2100.

The storage device(s) 2100 may also store one or more corpus data sets3400 that each represent a language model implemented as a corpus of aparticular language, and/or one or more text data sets 3700 that eachrepresent a transcript of speech audio that may be stored as a speechdata set 3100. As with the one or more speech data sets 3100, wherethere are multiple storage devices 2100, at least a subset of the one ormore corpus data sets 3400, and/or at least a subset of the one or moretext data sets 3700, may be stored in a distributed manner in whichdifferent portions thereof are stored within different ones of thestorage devices 2100. In support of distributed speech-to-textprocessing operations, and/or in support of distributed text analyticspost-processing operations, multiple copies of the entirety of a corpusdata set 3400 may be provided to each of multiple ones of the nodedevices 2300.

In support of such operations, the devices 2100, 2300, 2500 and/or 2700may exchange such portions of a speech data set 3100, may exchangecopies of a corpus data set 3400, and/or may exchange other informationconcerning speech audio pre-processing operations, speech-to-textconversion and/or text analyses through the network 2999. In variousembodiments, the network 2999 may be a single network that may extendwithin a single building or other relatively limited area, a combinationof connected networks that may extend a considerable distance, and/ormay include the Internet. Thus, the network 2999 may be based on any ofa variety (or combination) of communications technologies by whichcommunications may be effected, including without limitation, wiredtechnologies employing electrically and/or optically conductive cabling,and wireless technologies employing infrared, radio frequency (RF) orother forms of wireless transmission.

Each of the speech data sets 3100 may be any of a variety of types ofdigital data representation of any of a variety of types of speechaudio. Such representations of speech audio may include a series ofamplitude values of one or more audio channels of any of a variety ofbit widths (e.g., 8-bit, 12-bit, 16-bit, 20-bit or 24-bit), captured atany of a variety of sampling rates (e.g., 41.1 kHz, 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz or96 kHz), and stored in any of a variety of widely used compressed oruncompressed audio data formats (e.g., MP3 (Motion Picture Experts Grouplayer 3), WAV (Waveform Audio), PCM (Pulse-Code Modulation), FLAC (FreeLossless Audio Codec)), Dolby Digital or TrueHD of Dolby Laboratories ofSan Francisco, Calif., USA, or THX Ultra2 or Select2 of THX Ltd. of SanFrancisco, Calif., USA). In some embodiments, the speech data set 3100may include other data beyond speech audio, such as corresponding video,corresponding still images (e.g., a corresponding slide show of stillimages), alternate corresponding speech audio in a different language,etc. In some of such embodiments, the speech data set 3100 may be any ofa variety of types of “container” format or other data format thatsupports the provision of a multimedia or other combined audio and videopresentation (e.g., MP4 of the International Organization forStandardization of Geneva, Switzerland).

The speech audio that is so represented within the speech data set 3100may include any of a variety of types of speech, including and notlimited to, telephone and/or radio conversations (e.g., telephoneservice calls, or air traffic control communications), telephonemessages or other forms of voice mail, audio from in-person and/orremote conferences, lecture speech, podcasts, audio tracks fromentertainment programs that include speech audio (e.g., audio frommovies or from musical performances), verbal narrations of storiesand/or of events in progress (e.g., narrations of sports events or othernews events), and/or verbal commands to local electronic devices and/orto servers providing online services, etc.

At least a subset of the speech data sets 3100 stored by the one or morestorage devices 2100 may each represent a stored recording of speechaudio that was fully captured at an earlier time. Thus, such speech dataset(s) 3100 may represent speech audio that may have been recordedeither relatively recently (e.g., within recent minutes or hours), orlong ago (e.g., weeks, months or years earlier). Alternatively oradditionally, at least another subset of the speech data sets 3100 mayeach represent just a stored portion of speech audio that is still inthe process of being captured. Thus, such speech data set(s) 3100 mayserve, at least temporarily, as buffer(s) of portions of ongoing speechaudio that have already been captured, with more portions thereof stillin the process of being captured.

It is envisioned that at least a subset of the speech data sets 3100 maybe sufficiently large in size such that storage and/or processing of theentirety thereof within a single device may be deemed to be at leastimpractical, if not impossible. Therefore, to facilitate storage and/orprocessing of such larger speech data sets 3100 in a distributed manneracross multiple devices, each of such larger speech data sets 3100 maybe divided into multiple portions that may be distributed among multiplestorage devices 2100 and/or among multiple node devices 2300.

In some embodiments, multiple ones of the storage devices 2100 may beoperated together (e.g., as a network-attached drive array, etc.)primarily for the purpose of persistently storing data, such as the oneor more speech data sets 3100. In such embodiments, the multiple storagedevices 2100 may be capable of exchanging the entirety of a relativelylarge speech data set 3100 with multiple node devices 2300 in a set ofdata transfers of portions thereof (e.g., data chunks 3110 thereof, ordata segments 3140 thereof) performed at least partially in parallelthrough the network 2999, and such transfers may be coordinated by thecontrol device 2500. In some embodiments, processor(s) of the one ormore storage devices 2100 may each independently implement a local filesystem by which at least relatively small speech data sets 3100 may eachbe stored entirely within a single one of the storage devices 2100.Alternatively or additionally, multiple ones of the storage devices 2100may cooperate through the network 2999 to implement a distributed filesystem to store larger speech data sets 3100 as multiple portions in adistributed manner across multiple ones of the storage devices 2100. Asstill another alternative, it may be that one or more of the storagedevices 2100 store a combination of whole speech data sets 3100 that areof relatively small data size such that they are able to be storedentirely within a single storage device 2100, and a portion of at leastone speech data set 3100 that is too large in data size to be able to bestored entirely within any single one of the storage devices 2100.

In various embodiments, each of the multiple node devices 2300 mayincorporate one or more processors 2350, one or more neural networks2355, a storage 2360, and/or a network interface 2390 to couple each ofthe node devices 2300 to the network 2999. The processor(s) 2350 mayincorporate multiple processing cores 2351 and/or other features tosupport the execution of multiple executable routines and/or multipleinstances of executable routine(s) across multiple execution threads.The storage 2360 may store control routines 2310, 2340 and/or 2370; oneor more data chunks 3110; one or more data segments 3140; and/or acorpus data set 3400.

Each of the control routines 2310, 2340 and 2370 may incorporate asequence of instructions operative on the processor(s) 2350 to implementlogic to perform various functions. Referring briefly to FIG. 14 inaddition to FIG. 13A, in executing the control routine 2310, theprocessor(s) 2350 of each of the node devices 2300 may be caused toperform various pre-processing operations, such as normalization of thedigital audio storage format in which the chunk of speech audio withineach data chunk 3110 is stored, and/or determining the manner in which aspeech data set 3100 is to be divided into data segments 3140 thereof asinput to speech-to-text processing operations. In executing the controlroutine 2340, the processor(s) 2350 of each of the node devices 2300 maybe caused to perform various speech-to-text processing operations, suchas feature detection to identify acoustic features within the speechsegment of each data segment 3140, use multiple instances of an acousticmodel to identify likely graphemes, and/or use multiple instances of ann-gram language model (stored as a corpus data set 3400) to assist inidentifying likely words to generate a transcript of the speech audio ofthe speech data set 3100, which may then be stored within the one ormore storage devices 2100 as a corresponding text data set 3700. Inexecuting the control routine 2370, the processor(s) 2350 of each of thenode devices 2300 may be caused to perform various post-processingoperations, such as text analytics to derive various insights concerningthe contents of speech audio stored as a speech data set 3100, and/orthe generation of various visualizations for presenting such insights.Where such visualizations are generated by the node devices 2300 (and/orby the control device 2500), such visualizations may be stored as partof (or in a manner that accompanies) the text metadata 3779. However,where such visualizations are to be subsequently generated by therequesting device 2700, such generation of such visualizations may bebased on the text metadata 3779.

Returning to FIG. 13A, as will be explained in greater detail, inperforming at least a subset of pre-processing operations, at least asubset of text-to-speech processing operations and/or at least a subsetof post-processing operations, the processor(s) 2350 of multiple ones ofthe node devices 2300 may be caused to perform such operations at leastpartially in parallel. As has been explained, this may be at leastpartially due to the size of speech data set 3100. Alternatively oradditionally, this may be at least partially due to a need or desire toincrease the speed and/or efficiency with which such operations areperformed, regardless of the size of a speech data set 3100. Regardlessof the motivation, such at least partially parallel performances of suchoperations may be coordinated by the control device 2500 through thenetwork 2999.

In various embodiments, the control device 2500 may incorporate one ormore processors 2550, one or more neural networks 2555, a storage 2560,and/or a network interface 2590 to couple the control device 2500 to thenetwork 2999. The processor(s) 2550 may incorporate multiple processingcores 2551 and/or other features to support the execution of multipleexecutable routines and/or multiple instances of executable routine(s)across multiple execution threads. The storage 2560 may store controlroutines 2510, 2540 and/or 2570, configuration data 2335, a text dataset 3700 and/or text metadata 3779.

Each of the control routines 2510, 2540 and 2570 may incorporate asequence of instructions operative on the processor(s) 2550 to implementlogic to perform various functions. Again, referring briefly to FIG. 14in addition to FIG. 13A, in executing the control routine 2510, theprocessor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 may be caused to operatethe network interface 2590 to coordinate, via the network 2999, at leasta subset of the pre-processing operations performed, at least partiallyin parallel, by processors 2350 of multiple ones of the node devices2300 as a result of executing corresponding instances of the controlroutine 2310. More specifically, the processors 2550 may be caused tocoordinate the performances of multiple segmentation techniques acrossmultiple ones of the node devices 2300. Alternatively or additionally,as candidate sets of likely sentence pauses are derived from theperformance of each segmentation technique, it may be that processor(s)2550 of the control device 2500 are caused by the control routine 2510to use the candidate sets received from multiple node devices 2300 toderive a converged set 3119 of likely sentence pauses.

In executing the control routine 2540, the processor(s) 2550 of thecontrol device 2500 may be caused to operate the network interface 2590to coordinate, via the network 2999, at least a subset of thespeech-to-text processing operations performed, at least partially inparallel, by processors 2350 of multiple ones of the node device 2300 asa result of executing corresponding instances of the control routine2340. More specifically, the processor(s) 2550 may be caused tocoordinate the generation of data segments 3140 among the node devices2300 based on the indications of likely sentence pauses within theconverged set 3119 of likely sentence pauses that were derived earlierduring pre-processing. Alternatively or additionally, the processor(s)2550 may be caused to coordinate the detection of acoustic featureswithin the speech segment of each of the data segments 3140, and/or tocoordinate the use of multiple instances of an acoustic model toidentify likely graphemes across multiple ones of the node devices 2300.Alternatively or additionally, as sets of probability distributions oflikely graphemes are derived from such use of acoustic models, it may bethat the processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 are caused by thecontrol routine 2540 to use the sets of probability distributionsreceived from multiple node devices 2300 as inputs to coordinate beamsearches of multiple instances of an n-gram language model acrossmultiple node devices 2300 to generate the transcript of the speechaudio of the speech data set 3100.

In executing the control routine 2570, the processor(s) 2550 of thecontrol device 2500 may be caused to operate the network interface 2590to coordinate, via the network 2999, at least a subset ofpost-processing operations performed, at least partially in parallel, byprocessors 2350 of multiple ones of the node device 2300 as a result ofexecuting corresponding instances of the control routine 2340. Morespecifically, the processors 2550 may be caused to coordinate thedistributed use of various forms of text analytics among the nodedevices 2300 to derive insights concerning the speech audio of thespeech data set 3100.

Returning to FIG. 13A, in various embodiments, the requesting device2700 may incorporate one or more of a processor 2750, a storage 2760, aninput device 2720, a display 2780, and a network interface 2790 tocouple the requesting device 2700 to the network 2999. The storage 2760may store a control routine 2740, a text data set 3700 and/or textmetadata 3779.

The control routine 2740 may incorporate a sequence of instructionsoperative on the processor 2750 to implement logic to perform variousfunctions. In executing the control routine 2740, the processor 2750 ofthe requesting device 2700 may be caused to operate the input device2720 and/or the display 2780 to provide a user interface (UI) by whichan operator of the requesting device 2700 may transmit a request to thecontrol device 2500 to perform one or more operations that may includespeech-to-text conversion of the speech audio represented by a specifiedone of the speech data sets 3100 and/or that include the provision ofinsights concerning the contents of speech audio stored as a specifiedone of the speech data sets 3100. The processor 2750 may be subsequentlycaused to similarly provide a UI by which the operator of the requestingdevice 2700 is able to view the text of that speech audio upon receiptof its transcript in the form of a text data set 3700 from the controldevice 2500, and/or is able to view various derived insights concerningthe transcript. Again, in some embodiments, such visualizations may havebeen previously generated and then provided to the requesting device forpresentation to convey such insights. Alternatively or additionally, theprocessor 2750 may be caused to generate such visualizations frominformation contained within the text metadata 3779.

Comparing FIGS. 13A and 13B, as an alternative to the distributedprocessing system 2000 of FIG. 13A including multiple node device(s)2300 among which at least a subset of pre-processing, speech-to-textprocessing and/or post-operations may be performed at least partially inparallel in a distributed manner, it may instead be the case that suchat least partially parallel performances are to be distributed acrossmultiple processor cores 2551 of the processor(s) 2550 of the controldevice 2500, as depicted in the processing system 2000 of FIG. 13B. Asalso depicted in FIG. 13B, it may be that the processing system 2000does include the one or more storage devices 2100 of FIG. 13A, and thatit is the control device 2500 that exchanges portions of data speechsets 3100 directly with storage device(s) 2100 in lieu of their beingseparate and distinct node devices 2300 to do so. Alternatively oradditionally (and not specifically depicted), it may be that theprocessing system 2000 of FIG. 13B does not include the one or morestorage devices 2100 of FIG. 13A, and that the control device 2500directly stores one or more speech data sets 3100, one or more corpusdata sets 3400, and/or one or more text data sets 3700.

FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D and 15E, taken together, illustrate, in greaterdetail, aspects of an end-to-end framework implemented within anembodiment of a distributed processing system 2000 to provide improvedinsights into the contents of speech audio. Within this end-to-endframework, various pieces of information concerning speech audio arerouted through multiple processing operations in which data is analyzedand transformed in multiple ways to derive a transcript of the contentsof the speech audio, and then to derive insights concerning thosecontents. FIG. 15A illustrates aspects of distributed pre-processingoperations to determine the manner in which speech audio stored as aspeech data set 3100 is to be divided into speech segments (representedas data segments 3140) for speech-to-text processing operations. FIGS.15B-C illustrate aspects of distributed speech-to-text processingoperations to generate a transcript (stored as a text data set 3700) ofwhat was spoken in the speech audio, including the use of a corpus of aselected language (stored as a corpus data set 3400). FIGS. 15D-Eillustrate aspects of distributed text analytics post-processingoperations to derive insights (which may be stored as text metadata3379) into the contents of the speech audio and/or to identifytranscripts (stored as other text data sets 3700) of other relatedpieces of speech audio.

Turning to FIG. 15A, a speech data set 3100 representing speech audiospoken by one or more individuals in a digitally encoded form in storagemay be divided into a set of multiple chunks of the speech audio ofequal length, represented as a set of multiple data chunks 3110. Thevery same set of multiple data chunks 3110 may then be provided to eachof multiple node devices 2300.

Within each of the multiple node devices 2300, a different segmentationtechnique may be performed to proceed through the multiple chunks ofspeech audio represented by the multiple data chunks 3110 to identifythe longer pauses that typically occur between sentences. It should benoted that the division of the speech data set 3100 into the multipledata chunks 3110 may be necessary to accommodate input data sizelimitations imposed by one or more of the segmentation techniques.Different components of, and/or different versions of, the controlroutine 2310 may be executed within each of the multiple node devices2300 to cause the performance of a different one of the multiplesegmentation techniques within each of the multiple node devices 2300.In so doing, within each of the multiple node devices 2300, acorresponding different candidate set 3118 is generated of indicationsof where likely pauses between sentences have been identified asoccurring throughout the entirety of the speech audio.

Each of the candidate sets 3118 of likely sentence pauses, following itsgeneration within a different one of the multiple node devices 2300, maythen be provided to the control device 2500. Within the control device2500, execution of the control routine 2510 may cause the multiplecandidate sets 3118 of likely sentence pauses to be combined in any of avariety of ways to derive the single converged set 3119 of likelysentence pauses.

Turning to FIG. 15B, following such pre-processing operations as aredescribed just above, the same speech data set 3100 representing thesame speech audio may be divided, again, but now into a set of multiplespeech segments 3140. Unlike the division into multiple chunks of speechaudio that did not in any way take into account the content of thespeech audio, the division of the speech audio into multiple speechsegments may be based on the indications of where sentence pauses havebeen deemed to be likely to be present within the speech audio, asindicated by the converged set 3119 of likely sentence pauses.

Also unlike the provision of the same full set of multiple data chunks3110 to each of the multiple node devices 2300 in which a differentsegmentation technique was performed, each of multiple node devices 2300may be provided with one or more different ones of the data segments3140. Within each of the multiple node devices 2300 that are providedwith at least one of the data segments 3140, execution of the controlroutine 2340 may cause each such provided data segment 3140 to bedivided into multiple data frames 3141 of equal length. In so doing, thespeech segment represented by each of such data segments 3140 is dividedinto multiple speech frames that are each represented by one of the dataframes 3141. It should be noted that, since each of the data segments3140 are likely to be of a different size (as a result of each of thespeech segments represented thereby likely being of a different temporallength), the division of each data segment 3140 into multiple dataframes 3141 may result in different quantities of data frames 3141 beinggenerated from each data segment 3140.

Following the division of a data segment 3140 into multiple data frames3141 within each of the multiple node devices 2300, each of those dataframes 3141 may then be subjected to feature detection in which thespeech frame represented by each is analyzed to identify any occurrencesof one or more selected acoustic features therein. For each data frame3141, a corresponding feature vector 3142 may be generated that includesindications of when each identified acoustic feature was found to haveoccurred within the corresponding speech frame. Each feature vector 3142of the resulting set of feature vectors 3142 corresponding to the set ofdata frames 3141 of a single segment 3140 may then be provided as aninput to an acoustic model that is caused to be implemented within eachof the multiple node devices 2300 by further execution of the controlroutine 2340. The acoustic model may map each occurrence of a particularacoustic feature, or each occurrence of a particular sequence ofacoustic features, to one or more graphemes that may have beenpronounced and/or to a pause that may have occurred. More specifically,for each feature vector 3142, the acoustic model may generate one ormore probability distributions of one or more graphemes (which maycorrespond to one or more phonemes that may be represented bycorresponding text character(s)) that were pronounced, and/or one ormore pauses that occurred within the corresponding speech frame. Theprobability distributions so derived from all of the feature vectorsthat correspond to a single speech segment may be assembled together intemporal order to form a single probability distribution set 3143 thatcorresponds to that single speech segment.

Turning to FIG. 15C, each of the probability distribution sets 3143,following its generation within a different one of the multiple nodedevices 2300, may then be provided to the control device 2500. Also,each of the multiple node devices 2300 may be provided with a completecopy of a corpus data set 3400 that includes an n-gram language model.

Within the control device 2500, execution of the control routine 2540may cause the probability distributions of graphemes and/or of pauseswithin each of the probability distribution sets 3143 to be analyzed intemporal order to derive a set of up to a pre-selected quantity ofcandidate words that are each among the words that are each more likelyto be the next word that was spoken. Each word of this set of candidatewords may then be combined with up to a pre-selected quantity ofearlier-identified preceding words to form a corresponding set ofcandidate n-grams that are to be searched for within the corpus data set3400. The set of candidate n-grams may then be provided to the multiplenode devices 2300 to enable the performance of a beam search through thecorpus of the corpus data set 3400 in a distributed manner across themultiple node devices 2300, as will be explained in greater detail.

Within each of the multiple node devices 2300, in executing the controlroutine 2340, a different subset of the set of candidate n-grams issearched for within the corpus represented by the corpus data set 3400,as will also be explained in greater detail. Within each of the multiplenode devices 2300, as the probability for each candidate n-gram of thesubset is retrieved from the corpus of the corpus data set 3400 as aresult of the search, indications of those probabilities may betransmitted back to the control device 2500.

Within the control device 2500, following the receipt of theprobabilities for all of the candidate n-grams within the set ofcandidate n-grams from the node devices 2300, the one candidate n-gramwithin the set that has the highest probability may be identified. In sodoing, the corresponding candidate word out of the set of candidatewords is selected as being the word that was mostly likely the next wordspoken. That word may then be added to the transcript of the speechaudio of speech data set 3100, which may be stored within the controldevice 2500 as a text data set 3700.

Turning to FIG. 15D, following the generation of a complete transcriptof what was said in the speech audio of the speech data set 3100, thetranscript may be stored within the one or more storage devices 2100 asthe corresponding text data set 3700. The text data set 3700 may includean identifier of the speech data set 3100 from which the transcript ofthe text data set 3700 was derived.

Within the control device 2500, in executing the control routine 2570,various post-processing analyses may be performed of the text within thetranscript to identify such features as the one or more topics that werespoken about, the relative importance of each topic, indications ofsentiments, etc. More specifically, using the transcript of the textdata set 3700 as an input, one or more terms within the transcript (eachincluding one or more words) may be identified as having one or morequantifiable characteristics (e.g., counts of occurrences of each termand/or aggregate counts of multiple terms, degree of relevance of a termwithin the transcript, degree of strength of positive or negativesentiment about a term, etc.), and/or relational characteristics (e.g.,semantic and/or grammatical relationships among terms, whether detectedsentiment about a term is positive or negative, etc.)

In some embodiments, the entirety of the transcript may be provided toeach of multiple ones of the node devices to enable each to perform adifferent post-processing analysis on the entirety of the transcript. Aspart of one or more of such analyses, sets of n-grams from thetranscript may be provided to the multiple node devices 2300 to besearched for within the corpus data set 3400 as part of using n-gramprobabilities in identifying topics, indications of sentiments abouttopics, etc. Regardless of the exact types of text analyses that areperformed, and regardless of the exact manner in which each textanalysis is performed, the various insights that may be derived fromsuch analyses may be assembled as corresponding text metadata 3779 thatmay also be stored within the one or more storage devices 2100.

Turning to FIG. 15E, following the derivation of the text metadata 3779corresponding to the text data set 3700, further execution of thecontrol routine 2570 may cause the retrieval of text metadata 3779corresponding to other text data sets 3700 that correspond to otherspeech data sets 3100. Such other text metadata 3779 may be analyzed toidentify relationships among words, text chunks, utterances, topics,etc. that may lead to the identification of other text data sets 3700generated from other speech data sets 3100 that may be deemed to berelated.

In further executing the control routine 2570, the control device 2500may be cause to provide the text data set 3700, the corresponding textmetadata 3779, and/or text metadata 3779 of other related speech dataset(s) 3100 and/or text data set(s) 3700 to the requesting device 2700.It may be that the request to provide various insights into what wasspoken in the speech audio of the speech data set 3100 was received bythe control device 2500 from the requesting device 2700. In executingthe control routine 2740, images of the transcript of the text data set3700, various visualizations of aspects of the contents thereofindicated in the corresponding text metadata 3779, and/or visualizationsof identified relationships to other transcripts of other speech audiomay be presented to an operator of the requesting device 2700.

FIGS. 16A, 16B and 16C, taken together, illustrate an example of use ofan adaptive peak amplitude (APA) segmentation technique duringpre-processing to enable the division of the speech audio of a speechdata set 3100 into segments (each represented in storage by a datasegment 3140), where the divisions into segments occur at the midpointsof sentence pauses. FIG. 16A illustrates the initial division of thespeech data set 3100 into data chunks 3110 a that each represent a chunkof the speech audio of the speech data set 3100, and the measurement ofpeak amplitude levels to derive a threshold amplitude 2232. FIG. 16Billustrates the categorization of each of the chunks as either a speechchunk or a pause chunk. FIG. 16C illustrates the identification of acandidate set 3118 a of likely sentence pauses within the speech audioof the speech data set 3100.

As previously discussed, in the distributed processing system 2000depicted in FIG. 13A (or in another similar distributed processingsystem), it may be that each of the multiple segmentation techniques isassigned to be performed by a different one of the node devices 2300.Thus, each one of such assigned node devices 2300 derives a differentcandidate set 3118 of likely sentence pauses for subsequent use withinthe control device 2500 to derive a converged set 3119 of likelysentence pauses to be used as the basis for dividing the speech audio ofthe speech data set 3100. However, as also previously discussed, in thenon-distributed processing system 2000 depicted in FIG. 13B (or inanother similar processing system), it may be that each of the multiplesegmentation techniques is assigned to be performed within a separateone of multiple execution threads supported by multiple cores 2551 ofthe processor(s) 2550 within the control device 2500. Thus, each of themultiple candidate sets 3118 of likely sentence pauses would be derivedon a different one of those assigned execution threads within thecontrol device 2500, before being used to derive the converged set 3119on what may be yet another execution thread within the control device2500.

Turning to FIG. 16A, in executing a division component 2311 of thecontrol routine 2310, either core(s) 2351 of a processor 2350 of a nodedevice 2300 a, or core(s) 2551 of a processor 2550 of the control device2500 may be caused to divide a speech data set 3100 into multiple datachunks 3110 a. In so doing, an indication of the length of the speechaudio that is to be represented by each data chunk 3110 a may beretrieved from the configuration data 2335.

It should be noted that, in some embodiments, the pre-processing ofspeech audio as part of speech-to-text conversion may also includenormalizing the digital format in which the speech audio is stored as aspeech data set 3100. Thus, it may be, that prior to or as part ofdividing the speech audio into chunks, the digital format in which thespeech audio is stored as the speech data set 3100 may be changed to apre-selected format that specifies one or more of a particular samplingfrequency, data width and/or type of data value per sample, a particulartype of compression (or no compression), etc. It may be that such apre-selected format is necessitated for sake of compatibility with oneor more components for performing one or more of the pre-processingoperations, and/or one or more of the processing operations of thespeech-to-text conversion.

In executing an amplitude component 2312 of the control routine 2310,core(s) of the processor 2350 or 2550 may be caused to analyze each ofthe data chunks 3110 a to measure the peak amplitude of the chunk ofspeech audio present within each. With all of the peak amplitudes acrossall of the data chunks 3110 a so measured, a level of amplitude of apreselected percentile of all of the peak amplitudes may be derived andused as a threshold amplitude 2232. In so doing, an indication of thepreselected percentile may be retrieved from the configuration data2335.

As previously discussed, it may be that the multiple segmentationtechniques are assigned relative weighting factors that are used incombining the resulting multiple candidate sets 3118 of likely sentencepauses to derive the converged set 3119 of likely sentence pauses, andit may be that the relative weighting factors are adjusted based on thelevel of audio noise that is present across the chunks of the speechaudio. In such embodiments, and as depicted, it may be that execution ofthe amplitude component 2312 also causes the measurement of the level ofaudio noise in the chunk of speech audio within each of the data chunks3110 a, and causes the derivation of an audio noise level 2235 that isin some way representative of the level of audio noise present withinthe entire speech audio. In various embodiments, the audio noise level2235 may be indicative of the minimum level of audio noise measuredacross all of the data chunks 3110 a, an average thereof, and/or of anyof a variety of other characteristics of audio noise.

Turning to FIG. 16B, in executing a categorization component 2313 of thecontrol routine 2310, core(s) of the processor 2350 or 2550 may becaused to use the threshold amplitude 2232 to categorize each of thedata chunks 3110 a as either a speech data chunk 3110 s or a pause datachunk 3110 p. More specifically, all of the data chunks 3110 a that eachrepresent a chunk of speech audio with a measured peak amplitude abovethe threshold amplitude are deemed to be speech data chunks 3110 s thateach represent a speech chunk, while all of the data chunks 3110 a thateach represent a chunk of speech audio with a measured peak amplitudebelow the threshold amplitude are deemed to be pause data chunks 3110 pthat each represent a pause chunk. Data chunks 3110 a that eachrepresent a chunk of speech audio with a measured peak amplitude equalto the threshold amplitude may be deemed to be speech data chunks 3110 sor pause data chunks 3110 p, depending on implementation details invarious embodiments.

Turning to FIG. 16C, in executing a pause identification component 2317of the control routine 2310, core(s) of the processor 2350 or 2550 maybe caused to adaptively identify longer pauses defined by largerquantities of consecutive pause data chunks 3110 p as likely sentencepauses. More specifically, and starting with the data chunk 3110 a thatrepresents the temporally earliest chunk of the speech audio of thespeech data set 3100, a window 2236 that covers a preselected quantityof temporally consecutive ones of the data chunks 3110 a may be shiftedacross the length of the speech audio, starting with the temporallyearliest data chunk 3110 a and proceeding throughout all of the datachunks 3110 a in temporal order toward the temporally last data chunk3110 a. Thus, with the window 2236 positioned to begin with the earliestdata chunk 3110 a (regardless of whether it is a pause data chunk 3110 por a speech data chunk 3110 s), measurements of the lengths of eachpause represented by multiple consecutive pause data chunks 3110 pwithin the window 2236 (if there are any pauses represented by multipleconsecutive pause data chunks 3110 p within the window 2236) may betaken to identify the longest pause thereamong. The longest pause thatis so identified within the window 2236 (i.e., the pause represented bythe greatest quantity of consecutive pause chunks 3110 p) may then bedeemed likely to be a sentence pause.

The window 2236 may then be shifted away from the earliest data chunk3110 a and along the data chunks 3110 of the speech audio in temporalorder so as to cause the window 2236 to next begin either amidst thejust-identified likely sentence pause (e.g., beginning at the midpointthereof) of just after the just-identified likely sentence pause (e.g.,as depicted, immediately after the temporally last chunk of theconsecutive pause chunks 3110 p that define the just-identified likelysentence pause). With the window 2236 so repositioned, again,measurements of the lengths of each pause represented by multipleconsecutive pause data chunks 3110 p within the window 2236 may be takento again identify the longest pause thereamong. Again, the longest pausethat is so identified within the window (i.e., the pause represented bythe greatest quantity of consecutive pause chunks 3110 p) may be deemedlikely to be a sentence pause. As depicted, this may be repeated untilthe window 2236 has been shifted along the entirety of the length of thespeech audio (i.e., from the temporally earliest data chunk 3110 a tothe temporally latest data chunk 3110 a).

Each of the pauses that has been deemed a likely sentence pause withinthe speech audio 3100 may form part of the candidate set 3118 a oflikely sentence pauses derived using the APA segmentation technique.More precisely, indications of where each likely sentence pause startsand ends within the speech audio may be stored within the candidate set3118 a, and/or indications of where the midpoint of each likely sentencepause is located within the speech audio and/or its length may be sostored. The manner in which such locations within the speech audio aredescribed may be as amounts of time from the beginning of the speechaudio represented by the speech data set 3100.

In so identifying likely sentence pauses through such use of the window2236, it may be that an indication of what the length of the window 2236should be (i.e., how many consecutive data chunks 3110 a it should span)may be retrieved from the configuration data 2335. The length of thewindow 2236 may be selected to ensure that there cannot be a distancebetween the midpoints of any adjacent pair of likely sentence pausesthat is greater than a capacity limitation that may be present insubsequent processing operations of the speech-to-text conversion.Alternatively or additionally, the length of the window 2236 may beselected to increase the likelihood that a sentence pause will beidentified each time the window 2236 is re-positioned, based on thetypical length of sentences in whichever language is used for the speechaudio.

Further, in some embodiments, it may be that any instances of anadjacent pair of likely sentence pauses that are closer to each otherthan a predetermined threshold period of time are not permitted. Anindication of the length of the predetermined threshold period of time(which may also be expressed as a quantity of consecutive data chunks3110 a) may also be retrieved from the configuration data 2335. It maybe that, wherever such a pair of likely sentence pauses might occur, oneof the two likely sentence pauses may be dropped from those that areincluded in the candidate set 3118 a of likely sentence pauses. Theselection of which of two such likely sentence pauses is the one to bedropped may be based on which is shorter than the other, and/or may bebased on a requirement that the dropping of one or the other should notbe allowed to create a distance between any of two of the remaininglikely sentence pauses that is greater than the length of the window2236, which may be treated as an upper limit on the distance between anytwo of the likely sentence pauses.

FIGS. 17A and 17B, taken together, illustrate an example of use of aconnectionist temporal classification (CTC) segmentation techniqueduring pre-processing to also enable the division of the same speechdata set 3100 into segments. FIG. 17A illustrates the initial divisionof the speech data set 3100 into data chunks 3110 c that each representa chunk of the speech audio of the speech data set 3100, and theprovision of those data chunks 3110 c as an input to a neural network2355 of one of the node devices 2300, or as an input to a neural network2555 of the control device 2500. FIG. 17B illustrates the use of such aneural network, which has been configured to implement an acousticmodel, to identify likely sentence pauses for inclusion in a candidateset 3118 c of likely sentence pauses within the speech audio.

Again, in the distributed processing system 2000 depicted in FIG. 13A(or in another similar distributed processing system), it may be thateach of the multiple segmentation techniques is assigned to be performedby a different one of the node devices 2300. However, again, in thenon-distributed processing system 2000 depicted in FIG. 13B (or inanother similar processing system), it may be that each of the multiplesegmentation techniques is assigned to be performed within a separateone of multiple execution threads supported by multiple cores 2551 ofthe processor(s) 2550 within the control device 2500. Therefore, and byway of example, it may be that the APA segmentation technique describedin detail above in reference to FIGS. 16A-C may be performed within thenode device 2300 a to derive the candidate set 3118 a of likely sentencepauses, while the CTC segmentation technique that is about to describedin reference to FIGS. 17A-B may be performed, at least partially inparallel, within another node device 2300 c to derive the correspondingcandidate set 3118 c of likely sentence pauses. Then, at least these twocandidate sets 3118 a and 3118 c of likely sentence pauses may becombined within the control device 2500 to generate the converged set3119 on an execution thread within the control device 2500.

Turning to FIG. 17A, in executing the division component 2311 of thecontrol routine 2310, either core(s) 2351 of a processor 2350 of a nodedevice 2300 c, or core(s) 2551 of a processor 2550 of the control device2500 may be caused to divide the same speech data set 3100 as wasfeatured in FIGS. 16A-C into multiple data chunks 3110 c. In so doing,an indication of the length of the speech audio that is to berepresented by each data chunk 3110 c may be retrieved from theconfiguration data 2335. It should be noted that the data chunks 3110 cof this CTC segmentation technique may not represent the same length ofthe speech audio as are represented by the data chunks 3110 a of the APAsegmentation technique of FIGS. 16A-C. Indeed, it is envisioned that thedata chunks 3110 c are each likely to represent a greater length ofspeech audio such that the speech audio represented by a single one ofthe data chunks 3110 c may match the length of the speech audiorepresented by multiple ones of the data chunks 3110 a.

Again, in some embodiments, the pre-processing of speech audio as partof speech-to-text conversion may include normalizing the digital formatin which the speech audio is stored as a speech data set 3100. Thus, itmay again be that, prior to or as part of dividing the speech audio intochunks, the digital format in which the speech audio is stored may bechanged to a pre-selected format that specifies one or more of aparticular sampling frequency, data width and/or type of data value persample, a particular type of compression (or no compression), etc.

As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, at least some acousticmodels implemented using neural networks (and/or other technologies) mayaccept indications of detected audio features as input, instead ofaccepting audio data (e.g., the data chunks 3110 c) directly as input.To accommodate the use of such implementations of an acoustic model,execution of the control routine 2310 may entail execution of a featuredetection component 2312 to analyze the portion of speech audiorepresented by each data chunk 3110 c to identify instances of each of apre-selected set of acoustic features. In so doing, either core(s) 2351of a processor 2350 of a node device 2300 c, or core(s) 2551 of aprocessor 2550 of the control device 2500 may be caused to generate acorresponding feature vector 3112 from each data chunk 3110 c that isanalyzed. Each feature vector 3112 may include indications of eachacoustic feature that is identified and when it occurred within thespeech audio of the corresponding data chunk 3110 c.

In executing a configuration component 2315, core(s) 2351 of theprocessor 2350 of the node device 2300 c may be caused to configure aneural network 2355 therein to implement an acoustic model, or core(s)2551 of the processor 2550 of the control device 2500 may be caused toso configure a neural network 2555 therein. As previously discussed, andas depicted, the neural network 2355 or 2555 incorporates a CTC output2356 or 2556, respectively, thereby augmenting the output of textcharacters with the output of blank symbols.

As previously discussed, a neural network incorporating a CTC output,and that has been trained to implement an acoustic model, is normallyused to accept indications of acoustic features detected within speechaudio, and to output indications of the probabilities of which one ormore text characters are likely to correspond to those acoustic features(e.g., probability distributions for text characters). With the additionof the CTC output, the probabilistic indications of likely textcharacters are augmented with blank symbols that are intended toidentify instances where there are likely to be consecutive occurrencesof the same text character (e.g., the pair of “l” characters in the word“bell”), despite the absence of an acoustic feature that wouldspecifically indicate such a situation (e.g., no acoustic feature in thepronunciation of the “l” sound in the word “bell” that indicates thatthere are two consecutive “l” characters therein).

Broadly, CTC outputs have been used to aid in temporally aligning asequence of indications of features that have been observed (e.g.,acoustic features in speech sounds, or visual features in handwriting),with a sequence of labels (e.g., text characters, phonemes and/orgraphemes) where there may be differences between the density of inputobservations over a period of time and the density of labels that areoutput for that same period of time. Such a CTC output has been used togenerate blank symbols that may be used as a guide in performing such analignment, including blank symbols that indicate where there may bemultiple ones of the same label that are consecutively output that mightotherwise be mistakenly merged into a single instance of that label (asin the above-described situation of a pair of “l” text characters thatshould not be merged). In this way, such multiple consecutive instancesof a label (e.g., of a text character) are able to be associated withwhat may be a single observation, or a single set of observations, thatmight otherwise be associated with only one instance of that label,thereby aiding in the proper aligning of the input and output sequences.

However, it has been observed (and then confirmed by experimentation)that such a trained neural network with a CTC output may also be usefulin identifying sentence pauses. More specifically, it has been observedthat, in addition to outputting single blank symbols for suchconsecutive instances of a text character, the CTC output also has atendency to generate relatively long strings of consecutive blanksymbols that correspond quite well to where sentence pauses occur.

Turning to FIG. 17B, in so using the neural network 2355 or 2555 for thedetection of sentence pauses, each data chunk 3110 c is provided to theneural network 2355 or 2555 as an input. In executing the pauseidentification component 2317, core(s) of the processor 2350 or 2550 arecaused to monitor the corresponding CTC output for occurrences ofstrings of consecutive blank symbols. FIG. 17B depicts an example ofthree consecutive data chunks 3110 c that each represent a differentdepicted portion of speech audio in which the words “Hello” and “Pleaseleave a message” are spoken as two separate sentences.

Turning to the provision of the first of the three data chunks 3110 cthat represents the speech sounds for portions of the words “Hello” and“Please” as an input, the output includes the letters therefor,accompanied by instances of the blank symbol (indicated in FIG. 17Busing the “{circumflex over ( )}” character) separating thecorresponding characters. As shown, a single instance of the blanksymbol may be output between the two consecutive instances of the “l”character from the word “Hello”, thereby exemplifying the aforedescribedfunction for which the CTC output is typically relied upon to perform.However, as also shown, an instance of a relatively long string ofconsecutive blank symbols is also output that corresponds with thesentence pause that occurs between these two words.

Turning to the provision of the second of the three data chunks 3110 cthat represents the speech sounds for another portion of the word“Please” and the entirety of each of the two words “leave” and “a” asinput, the output includes the letters therefor, also accompanied byinstances of the blank symbol separating the corresponding characters.As shown, two instances of a relatively short string of consecutiveblank symbols are also output that each correspond with one of the twopauses that occur between adjacent pairs of these three words.

Turning to the provision of the third of the three data chunks 3110 cthat represents the speech sounds for just the word “message” as input,the output includes the letters therefor, also accompanied by instancesof the blank symbol separating the corresponding characters. As shown, asingle instance of the blank symbol may be output between the twoconsecutive instances of the “s” character from this word, thereby againexemplifying the aforedescribed function for which the CTC output istypically relied upon to perform.

As each of these outputs are provided by the neural network 2355 or2555, the length of each string of consecutive blank symbols that may bepresent therein is compared to a threshold blank string length. Where astring of consecutive blank symbols in such an output is at least aslong as the threshold blank string length (e.g., the string of blanksymbols corresponding to the pause between the words “Hello” and“Please”), such a string of blank symbols may be deemed likely tocorrespond to a sentence pause. However, where a string of consecutivesymbols in such an output is not at least as long as the threshold blankstring (e.g., the strings of blank symbols between the words “Please”and “leave”, and between the words “leave” and “a”), such a string ofblank symbols may be deemed to not correspond to a sentence pause. Thus,in the example depicted in FIG. 17B, the pause between the words “Hello”and “Please” may be deemed to be a likely sentence pause, and anindication thereof may be included in the candidate set 3118 c of likelysentence pauses.

In performing such comparisons of the lengths of strings of consecutiveblank symbols to the threshold blank string length, an indication of thethreshold blank string length may be retrieved from the configurationdata 2335. In some embodiments, the threshold blank string length mayhave been previously derived during neural network training and/ortesting to develop the neural network acoustic model configuration dataincluded in the configuration data 2335 for use in configuring theneural network 2355 or 2555 to implement an acoustic model. During suchtraining, it may be that portions of speech audio that are known toinclude pauses between sentences may be used, and the lengths of theresulting strings of blank symbols that correspond to those sentencepauses may be measured to determine what the threshold blank stringlength should be to enable its use in distinguishing pauses betweensentences from at least pauses between words.

FIGS. 18A and 18B, taken together, illustrate an example of generatingthe converged set 3119 of likely sentence pauses. FIG. 18A illustratesthe combining of multiple candidate sets 3118 of likely sentence pausesto generate the converged set 3119. FIG. 18B illustrates the use of theconverged set 3119 in dividing the speech data set 3100 into datasegments 3140 representing segments of the speech audio of the speechdata set 3100.

As has been discussed in reference to FIGS. 16A-C and in reference toFIGS. 17A-B, it may be that, during pre-processing to divide speechaudio represented by a speech data set 3100 into segments, multiplesegmentation techniques may be used at least partially in parallel. Aswas also discussed, such parallelized performances may be distributedacross multiple ones of the node devices (e.g., the node devices 2300 aand 2300 c of FIGS. 16A-C and FIGS. 17A-B, respectively), or acrossmultiple execution threads associated with multiple processor cores 2551of processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500. Regardless of the exactmanner in which the parallelized performances of multiple segmentationtechniques is effectuated, the resulting multiple candidate sets 3118 oflikely sentence pauses (e.g., the candidate sets 3118 a and 3118 c) maythen be combined to generate the single converged set 3119 of likelysentence pauses that is used as the basis for effectuating thesegmentation of the speech data set 3100 into data segments 3140.

Turning to FIG. 18A, in executing an aggregation component 2518 of thecontrol routine 2510, core(s) of a processor 2550 of the control device2500 may be caused to combine the candidate set 3118 a of likelysentence pauses generated using the APA segmentation technique of FIGS.16A-C, and the candidate set 3118 c of likely sentence pauses generatedusing the CTC segmentation technique of FIGS. 17A-B, to generate theconverged set 3119 of likely sentence pauses. As has been discussed, andas depicted with dotted lines, each of such multiple segmentationtechniques may, in some embodiments, be performed within a differentnode device 2300 (e.g., the depicted node devices 2300 a and 2300 c).

As previously discussed, a variety of different approaches may be usedin performing such a combining of multiple candidate sets 3118,including approaches to combining in which different segmentationtechniques may be assigned relative weighting factors. As depicted, andas also previously discussed, such relative weight factors may be madedynamically adjustable based on one or more characteristics of thespeech audio represented by the speech data set 3100. As furtherpreviously discussed in connection with the APA segmentation techniqueof FIGS. 16A-C, it may be that measurement(s) are made of audio noiselevel together with the measurements of peak amplitude that areperformed as part of the APA segmentation technique.

Regardless of the exact manner in which the indication of audio noiselevel 2235 is generated, as depicted in FIG. 18A, such an indication maybe used as an input for dynamically adjusting such relative weightingfactors to take into account the relative degrees of susceptibility ofeach segmentation technique to being adversely affected by audio noisepresent in the speech audio. By way of example, it may be that the CTCsegmentation technique is less susceptible to audio noise than the APAsegmentation technique such that the presence of a higher level of audionoise in the speech audio may cause the candidate set 3118 c generatedvia the CTC segmentation technique to be given a greater relative weightcompared to the candidate set 3118 a generated via the APA segmentationtechnique.

Turning to FIG. 18B, in executing a division component 2541 of thecontrol routine 2540, core(s) of processor(s) 2550 of the control device2500 may be caused to divide the speech data set 3100 into data segments3140 based on the converged set 3119 of likely sentence pauses. In sodoing, the speech audio represented by the speech data set 3100 may bedivided into segments where the divisions between each adjacent pair ofsegments is caused to occur at the midpoints of each of the likelysentence pauses indicated in the converged set 3119. As a result, eachof the segments of speech audio should be at least more likely to startand end with portions of sentence pauses, thereby serving to increasethe likelihood that the entirety of the pronunciation of each letter, ofeach word, and/or of each sentence is fully contained within a singleone of the segments, instead of being split across the divide betweentwo segments. In this way, the accuracy of subsequent processingoperations to detect acoustic features, to identify letters, and then toidentify whole words, may be improved.

As also depicted, in embodiments that include the multiple node devices2300 (e.g., the distributed processing system 2000 of FIG. 13A), thespeed of such subsequent processing may be enhanced by distributing thedata segments 3140 among the node device 2300 to enable at leastpartially parallel performances of such subsequent processing operationsacross multiple node devices 2300. Alternatively (and not specificallyshown), it may be that such a similar enhancement in such processing maybe achieved by distributing the data segments 3140 across multiplethreads of execution of multiple cores 2551 of processor(s) 2550 of thecontrol device 2500.

FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D, taken together, illustrate an example ofusing the data segments 3140 into which the speech data set 3100 wasdivided to perform an initial subset of speech-to-text processingoperations. FIG. 19A illustrates the use of feature detection and anacoustic model to generate sets of probability distributions that areindicative of relative probabilities of the use of various graphemes,and FIG. 19B illustrates the collection of those probabilitydistribution sets 3143 for use by the control device 2500. FIGS. 19C-D,taken together, illustrate the use of the probability distribution sets3143 to generate sets of candidate words 3145, and then to generate sets3146 of candidate n-grams for use by a language model.

Turning to FIG. 19A, in executing a division component 2341 of thecontrol routine 2340, one or more cores of one or more processors may becaused to divide a data segment 3140 into multiple data frames 3141. Inembodiments of the processing system 2000 that include multiple ones ofthe node devices 2300 (as depicted in FIG. 13A), it may be that multipledata segments 3140 of a speech data set 3100 are distributed amongmultiple node devices 2300 (as depicted in FIG. 17B), and thus, it maybe that one or more processor cores 2351 of one or more processors 2350within each node device 2300 are caused to execute an instance of thedivision component 2341 that has been distributed to that node device2300. Alternatively, in embodiments of the processing system 2000 thatdo not include multiple ones of the node devices 2300 (as depicted inFIG. 13B), it may be that all of the data segments 3140 of a singlespeech data set 3100 are provided to the control device 2500, and thus,it may be that one or more processor cores 2551 of one or moreprocessors 2550 within the control device 2500 are caused to execute thedivision component 2341. Regardless of what processor(s) execute thedivision component 2341 within what device(s), an indication of thelength of the speech audio that is to be represented by each data frame3141 may be caused to be retrieved from the configuration data 2335 andused to control the division of each data segment 3140 into multipledata frames 3141.

Comparing FIG. 19A to FIG. 17A, it may be that both feature detectionand use of an acoustic model may be repeated. Indeed, in comparing FIG.19A to FIG. 17A, it becomes evident that the very same acoustic modelbased on a neural network (e.g., the neural network 2355 or 2555incorporating the CTC output 2356 or 2556, respectively) may be used,again, in some embodiments. However, it should be noted that otherembodiments are possible in which different acoustic models based ondiffering types of neural network may be used, and/or in which differentacoustic models based on entirely different technologies may be used. Inembodiments in which a neural network 2355 or 2555 is used, execution ofa configuration component 2345 may cause core(s) 2351 of processor(s)2350 or core(s) 2551 of processor(s) 2550 to so configure the neuralnetwork 2355 or 2555, respectively, to implement an acoustic model.

Regardless of whether the acoustic models of FIGS. 17A and 19A areidentical, there are significant differences in the manner in which theyare used in FIGS. 17A and 19A. Unlike the use of an acoustic model inFIG. 17A to perform part of the aforedescribed CTC-based segmentationtechnique, the acoustic model in FIG. 19A is used to used to performpart of speech-to-text processing operations. More specifically, theacoustic model is now used to generate, from a speech segmentrepresented by a data segment 3140, a probability distribution set 3143.Each of the probability distributions within the set 3143 specifies, fora particular time within the segment, the relative probabilities foreach of a pre-selected set of graphemes.

As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, over time, a number ofdifferent systems of notation have been devised for describing speechsounds for one or more languages using graphemes. In many of suchnotation systems, the graphemes may be text characters and/or similarvisual symbols (e.g., text characters modified to include various accentmarkings). In different ones of such notation systems, at least some ofthe graphemes may each correspond to one or more phonemes, and/or atleast some of the graphemes must be used in various combinations thateach correspond to one or more phonemes. Thus, in specifying relativeprobabilities of a pre-selected set of graphemes, each probabilitydistribution may specify the relative probabilities that each of apre-selected set of speech sounds was uttered at a particular timewithin a speech segment.

Turning to FIG. 19B, in embodiments of the processing system 2000 thatinclude multiple ones of the node devices 2300, and where the datasegments 3140 of a single speech data set 3100 are distributed amongmultiple node devices 2300 such that the corresponding probabilitydistribution sets 3143 are generated in a distributed manner thereamong,the probability distribution sets 3143 associated with a single speechdata set 3100 may be collected from those multiple node devices 2300 andprovided to the control device 2500 through the network 2999. Suchprovision of those multiple probability distribution sets 3143 to thecontrol device 2500 may occur as they are generated, at least partiallyin parallel, within the multiple node devices 2300. Within the controldevice 2500, execution of the control routine 2540 may cause processors2550 of the control device 2500 to organize the probability distributionsets 3143 in temporal order in preparation for being used to identifywords for inclusion in a transcript of the contents of the speech audio.Alternatively, in embodiments of the processing system 2000 that don'tinclude multiple ones of the node devices 2300, such that theprobability distribution sets 3143 may have been generated within thecontrol device 2500, such a collection of the probability distributionsets 3143 and provision thereof to the control device 2500 via thenetwork 2999 may not occur.

Regardless of whether such a collection and provision of probabilitydistribution sets 3143 via the network 2999 takes place, as alsodepicted, each of the node devices 2300 of the processing system 2000(whether engaged in generating probability distribution sets 3143, ornot) may also provide the control device 2500 with indications of theavailability of their processing, storage and/or other resources. Suchindications may be used to augment and/or update resources data 2539.

Turning to FIG. 19C, regardless of whether the probability distributionsets 3143 corresponding to a single speech data set 3100 were generatedacross multiple node devices 2300 or were generated within the controldevice 2500, in executing a candidate word component 2545 of the controlroutine 2540, core(s) 2551 of processor(s) 2550 of the control device2500 may be caused to generate sets of one or more candidate words 3145from each probability distribution set 3143. Then, in executing acandidate n-gram component 2546 of the control routine 2540, core(s)2551 of processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 may be caused togenerate corresponding one or more candidate n-gram sets 3146 from theone or more candidate words 3145 that are generated for each probabilitydistribution set 3143.

More specifically, as previously discussed, and turning to FIG. 19D,each speech segment (each of which is represented in storage by acorresponding data segment 3140) may be formed by dividing the speechaudio of a speech data set 3100 at midpoints amidst what are determinedto be likely sentence pauses. As a result, each speech segment may beginwith a portion of a sentence pause and end with a portion of anothersentence pause. Each speech segment may then be further divided intoframes (each of which is represented in storage by a corresponding dataframe 3141), which are kept in temporal order. Thus, as depicted in FIG.19D, the speech segment (again, represented by a data segment 3140) thatcorresponds to the depicted probability distribution set 3143 may beginwith a first few consecutive speech frames (each of which is representedby a corresponding data frame 3141) in which there may be no speechsounds, as would be expected within a likely sentence pause. As aresult, each of the corresponding first few consecutive probabilitydistributions 3144 (including the earliest thereof) may indicate that agrapheme (e.g., a text character and/or a blank symbol) for an emptyspace has the highest probability of having occurred within thecorresponding speech frame.

Following such consecutive probability distributions 3144 associatedwith the likely sentence pause at the start of the speech segment, theremay then be the first of multiple consecutive probability distributions3144 that may be associated with the pronunciation of the letters of thefirst word of a sentence (the transition from probability distributions3144 associated with a likely sentence pause to probabilitydistributions 3144 that may be associated with pronouncing the firstword is marked by vertical dashed line). In executing the candidate wordcomponent 2545, processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 may, basedon those multiple consecutive probability distributions 3144, derive apre-selected quantity of candidate words 3145 that are each among themost likely to be the first word that was spoken throughout thecorresponding multiple consecutive speech frames. The processor(s) 2550may then be caused by execution of the candidate n-gram component 2546to convert the set of candidate words 3145 into a candidate n-gram set3146 a by adding up to a pre-selected quantity of words that werepreviously identified as the immediately preceding words in what may bea sentence that corresponds to the probability distribution set 3143.However, since each of the candidate words 3145 is preceded by what isdeemed to be a likely sentence pause, there may be no such precedingwords to be added such that the resulting candidate n-gram set 3146 acontains a set of uni-grams that are each just one of the candidatewords 3145.

FIG. 19D also depicts another example set of candidate words 3145 beingderived from multiple consecutive probability distributions 3144 at atemporally later location within the same probability distribution set3143 that may be associated with pronouncing another word at a latertime within the same speech segment. Again, in executing the candidateword component 2545, processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 may,based on those multiple consecutive probability distributions 3144,derive another pre-selected quantity of candidate words 3145 that areeach among the most likely to be the word that was spoken throughoutthese other corresponding multiple consecutive speech frames. Theprocessor(s) 2550 may then be caused by execution of the candidaten-gram component 2546 to convert this other set of candidate words 3145into another candidate n-gram set 3146 b by adding up to thepre-selected quantity of words that were previously identified as theimmediately preceding words in what may be a sentence that correspondsto the probability distribution set 3143. Unlike the previouslydiscussed set of candidate words 3145, there may be multiple immediatelypreceding words that were spoken up to the point at which one of thecandidate words 3145 within this other set of candidate words 3145.Therefore, the other candidate n-gram set 3146 b may include up to thepre-selected quantity of words.

FIGS. 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D and 20E, taken together, illustrate an exampleof using the outputs of the initial subset of speech-to-text processingoperations of FIGS. 19A-D to perform a further subset of suchoperations. FIG. 20A provides an overall illustration of using sets ofcandidate words 3145 and candidate n-gram sets 3146 as an input to thefurther subset of speech-to-text processing operations to generate atext data set 3700 representing transcript(s) of the words spoken inspeech data set 3100. FIG. 20B illustrates the distribution of a largecorpus 3400 representing a language model, along with individual nodeidentifiers 2311, to each one of multiple selected node devices 2300 inpreparation for using the language model in a distributed manner. FIGS.20C-D illustrate aspects of the performance of a distributed beam searchwithin the corpus data set 3400 among the multiple selected node devices2300 to derive probability sets 3147 indicative of relativeprobabilities of use of n-grams within the candidate n-gram sets 3146.FIG. 20E illustrates aspects of the collection and use of probabilitysets 3147 to determine another word to add to a transcript stored as atext data set 3700.

As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, the use of an n-gramlanguage model has become commonplace in speech-to-text processing. Suchuse of an n-gram language model is often based on an assumption that thenext word in a transcript of speech audio is able to be identified witha relatively high degree of accuracy based on what word or wordsimmediately preceded it. Also, it has also be found that the accuracy ofthe identification of the next word is able to be increased byincreasing the quantity of immediately preceding words that are used asthe basis for that identification. Unfortunately, as will also befamiliar to those skilled in the art, each increase in the quantity ofimmediately preceding words by a single word can result in anexponential increase in the size of the corpus of n-grams that must beused. As a result, although there have been experimental implementationsof speech-to-text processing that have used an n-gram language modelsupporting up to as many as 10 immediately preceding words, the amountof time, storage and processing resources required often make such animplementation impractical. Therefore, it is more commonplace to employa quantity 3, 4 or 5 immediately preceding words.

However, FIGS. 20A-E depict aspects of implementing and using an n-gramlanguage model within an embodiment of the distributed processing system2000 that is able to practically support the use of a higher quantity ofimmediately preceding words. More specifically, and as will shortly beexplained, the processing, storage and/or other resources of multiplecomputing devices may be employed in a cooperative manner to make theuse of a higher quantity of immediately preceding words in an n-gramlanguage model in speech-to-text processing significantly morepractical.

As previously discussed in conjunction with FIG. 2B, among thespeech-to-text processing operations that may be performed may be theuse of an acoustic model to generate probability distributions of whatgraphemes (which again, may correspond to one or more phonemesrepresented by text character(s)) may have been pronounced during eachof multiple speech frames within a speech segment. As also discussed,for each such speech segment, the probability distributions derived fromthe corresponding multiple speech frames may be assembled into a singleprobability distribution set 3143 that corresponds to that speechsegment. Again, such operations may be performed, at least partially inparallel, across multiple ones of the node devices 2300.

Turning to FIG. 20A, regardless of whether the n-grams within acandidate n-gram set 3146 generated within the control device 2500include any immediately preceding words ahead of the candidate words3145 thereof, in executing a beam search component 2347 of the controlroutine 2340, core(s) 2351 of processor(s) 2350 or core(s) 2551 ofprocessor(s) 2550 may be caused to perform a beam search within thecorpus data set 3400 for one or more of the n-grams present within thecandidate n-gram set 3146. As will be familiar to those skilled in theart of n-gram language models, each n-gram within an n-gram corpus maybe accompanied therein with an indication of the relative frequency ofits occurrence and/or its relative probability of occurrence withintexts of a particular language (based on the sample texts of theparticular language used in generating the n-gram corpus). As eachn-gram is found within the corpus data set 3400, an indication of therelative probability of that n-gram occurring may be stored within aprobability set 3147 generated for all of the candidate n-grams in thecandidate n-gram set 3146.

Following generation of each probability set 3147, execution of atranscript component 2548 of the control routine 2540 may causeprocessor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 to, based on theindications of the relative probabilities in the probability set 3147for each n-gram within the candidate n-gram set 3146, identify acandidate word 3145 among the corresponding set of candidate words 3145as the word that was most likely the next word to be spoken. Theidentified most likely spoken word may then be added to the transcriptof the speech audio represented as a text data set 3700.

Turning to FIG. 20B, in embodiments of the processing system 2000 thatinclude multiple ones of the node devices 2300 (as depicted in FIG.13A), it may be that execution of a coordination component 2549 causesprocessor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 to use indications of nodedevices 2300 with sufficient available processing and/or storageresources as a basis for selecting particular ones of node devices 2300that are to be employed in performing beam searches of a corpus data set3400 in a distributed manner. With such selections made, unique nodeidentifiers 2331 may be transmitted to each of the selected node devices2300 via the network 2999. The node identifiers 2331 may be a continuousseries of positive integers of increasing value, starting with 0, andincremented by 1. The processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 mayalso be caused to cooperate with processors 2350 of the node devices2300 to coordinate communications through the network 2999 to cause theprovision of complete copies of the corpus data set 3400 for apre-selected language from the one or more storage devices 2100 to eachof the selected node devices 2300.

Turning to FIG. 20C, regardless of whether the n-grams within acandidate n-gram set 3146 generated within the control device 2500include any immediately preceding words ahead of the candidate words3145 thereof, in further executing the coordination component 2549, theprocessor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 may be caused to providecomplete copies of each of the candidate n-gram sets 3146, in temporalorder, to all of the selected node devices 2300. Within each of theselected node devices 2300, execution of the beam search component 2347of the control routine 2340 may cause the processor(s) 2350 thereof toperform a beam search within the corpus data set 3400 for one or more ofthe n-grams present within the candidate n-gram set 3146. As will befamiliar to those skilled in the art of n-gram language models, eachn-gram within an n-gram corpus may be accompanied therein with anindication of the relative frequency of its occurrence and/or itsrelative probability of occurrence within texts of a particular language(based on the sample texts of the particular language used in generatingthe n-gram corpus).

Referring to FIG. 20D, in addition to FIG. 20C, it should be noted thateach of selected node devices 2300 is caused to perform a beam searchfor different one(s) of the n-grams within the candidate n-gram set3146, such that no two of the selected node devices 2300 are caused toperform a beam search for the same n-gram. In some embodiments, this maybe effected through the use of modulo calculations in which, within eachof the selected node devices 2300, the numerical designation of theposition occupied by each n-gram within the candidate n-gram set 3146 isdivided by the quantity of the selected node devices 2300 to derive amodulo value for each n-gram within the candidate n-gram set 3146. Themodulo value calculated for each n-gram is then compared to the uniquenode identifier 2331 that was earlier assigned to the selected nodedevice 2300. The n-gram(s) that are searched for within each of theselected node devices 2300 are the one(s) for which the modulo valuematches the unique node identifier 2331 for that node device 2300.

Thus, as depicted (in the deliberately simplified example in FIG. 20D inwhich there are only three selected node devices 2300), within theselected node device 2300 that has been assigned the “0” node identifier2331, the n-grams at the “0th”and “3rd” positions within the candidaten-gram set 3146 are searched for within the corpus data set 3400 storedtherein. Correspondingly, within the selected node device 2300 that hasbeen assigned the “l” node identifier 2331, the n-grams at the “1st” and“4th” positions within the candidate n-gram set 3146 are searched forwithin the corpus data set 3400 stored therein. Also correspondingly,within the selected node device 2300 that has been assigned the “2” nodeidentifier 2331, the n-gram at the “2nd” position within the candidaten-gram set 3146 is searched for within the corpus data set 3400 storedtherein. In this way, a relatively even distribution of n-grams to besearched for within the corpus data set 3400 across the multipleselected node devices 2300 is achieved with relatively minimalcommunication across the network 2999.

Also, by providing each of the selected node devices 2300 with acomplete copy of the entire corpus data set 3400, all processingoperations for the beam search for each n-gram are performed entirelywithin a single node device 2300 without need for communications withany other device through the network 2999. This entirely eliminates theneed for network communications among the selected node devices 2300 tocarry out any of the beam searches, thereby reducing consumption ofnetwork bandwidth and eliminating the expenditure of time that wouldoccur while such communications take place.

Further, such distribution of beam searches among multiple computingdevices enables the corpus data set 3400 to be of considerably largersize versus the maximum size that would be practical and/or possiblewere just a single computing device used. As will be familiar to thoseskilled in the art, the ability to more efficiently perform a greaterquantity of beam searches in less time, thereby enabling the use of alarger corpus, may advantageously permit a corpus to include more lowerfrequency n-grams (i.e., n-grams that have a relatively low probabilityof occurring within texts of a particular language) and/or to includen-grams with a greater quantity of words per n-gram.

Focusing again more specifically on FIG. 20C, within each of theselected node devices 2300, as each n-gram is found within the corpusdata set 3400, an indication of the relative probability of that n-gramoccurring may be stored within a probability set 3147 generated for allof the n-grams for which a beam search is performed within that selectednode device 2300. In some embodiments, where a particular n-gram is notfound within the corpus data set 3400, an indication of default valuefor the relative probability of the occurrence of an “unknown” n-grammay be stored within the probability set 3147.

Turning to FIG. 20E, each of the probability sets 3147 may be providedto the control device 2500 through the network 2999 as they aregenerated, at least partially in parallel, within multiple node devices2300. Within the control device 2500, execution of a transcriptcomponent 2548 may cause processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500to, based on the indications of the relative probabilities retrieved foreach n-gram within the candidate n-gram set 3146, identify the word thatwas most likely spoken. The identified most likely spoken word may thenbe added to the transcript of the speech audio. Upon completion of thegeneration of the transcript, the control device 2500 may provide it tothe one or more storage devices 2100 to be persistently stored thereinas a text data set 3700.

FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21C illustrate examples of additional improvementsthat may be incorporated to the performance of various ones of thespeech-to-text operations described above. FIG. 21A illustrates aspectsof using the same acoustic model in the aforedescribed CTC segmentationtechnique and in the aforedescribed initial speech-to-text processingoperations. FIG. 21B illustrates aspects of the addition of dynamicper-word assignment of relative weighting to the use of an acousticmodel or a language model in identifying spoken words. FIG. 21Cillustrates aspects of selective concatenation of segments of audiospeech to effect the formation of longer transcripts to improve theresults of subsequent post-processing text analysis operations.

Turning to FIG. 21A, as previously discussed, due to the use of anacoustic model in the aforedescribed CTC segmentation technique of FIGS.17A-B, and due to use of an acoustic model in the aforedescribed initialspeech-to-text processing operations of FIGS. 19A-D, it may be that, insome embodiments, the very same acoustic model is used in both of thesepre-processing and speech-to-text processing operations. In suchembodiments, and where the processing system 2000 includes multiple nodedevices 2300 in which the single acoustic model may be used to performof those functions, it may be that the single acoustic model isinstantiated within those multiple node devices 2300 in preparation forthe performing the CTC segmentation technique, and then allowed toremain instantiated so as to already be in place within the storage ofthose multiple node devices 2300 for subsequent use in theaforedescribed initial speech-to-text processing operations. In thisway, advantage may be taken of an opportunity to avoid the consumptionof time, network resources and/or processing resources to instantiatethe same acoustic model, twice.

Thus, by way of example, and as specifically depicted in FIG. 21A, insuch embodiments where the acoustic model may be implemented using thehardware-based neural network 2355 incorporated into each of such nodedevices 2300, it may be that execution of the configuration component2315 (as described earlier in connection with FIG. 17A) to causeconfiguration of the neural network 2355 to implement the acoustic modelenables the avoidance of subsequent execution of the configurationcomponent 2345 (as described earlier in connection with FIG. 19A) to doso, again.

Turning to FIG. 21B, as previously discussed, it has become commonplaceto employ a two-stage combination of an acoustic model and a languagemodel in which the acoustic model is typically relied upon to perform afirst pass at identifying words that are likely to be the ones that werespoken, and the language model is typically relied upon to perform thenext and final pass by refining the identification of such spoken wordssuch that the words identified by the language model are the ones fromwhich a transcript is generated. However, and as also previouslydiscussed, the reduced error rate achieved by such a two-stagecombination is still widely seen as being too high. Again, a possiblereason for being still too high is that a good language model tends toresist identifying words that are actually spoken where those spokenwords include mistakes in vocabulary and/or syntax.

To improve upon the error rate of such a typical two-stage use of acombination of an acoustic model and a language model, in someembodiments, the transcript component 2548 may incorporate additionalfunctionality to dynamically vary the relative weighting assigned toeach of the acoustic model and the language model for each word to beidentified based on the degree of uncertainty in the per-graphemeprobability distributions output by the acoustic model for each word.Thus, in addition to being provided with the probability set 3147 andcorresponding candidate words 3145 associated with a segment of speechaudio as inputs, the transcript component 2548 may additionally receivethe corresponding probability distribution set 3143 that includes thecorresponding probability distributions for graphemes associated withthe same segment of speech audio.

In executing the transcript component 2548, core(s) 2551 of processor(s)2550 of the control device 2500 may be caused to use the probabilitydistributions of graphemes that are output by the acoustic model for thepronunciation of a single word spoken within the segment to derive ameasure of the degree of uncertainty for each of those probabilitydistributions. Such a degree of uncertainty may be based on degree of aperplexity, degree of entropy, or other statistical measures of thoseprobability distributions. Again, such a degree of uncertainty may serveas an indication of the degree to which a probability distribution for agrapheme presents an indefinite indication of which speech sound wasuttered during a corresponding portion of the segment of speech audio.

A probability distribution for graphemes that provides an uncertainindication of what speech sound was uttered may be one in which thedegree of probability for the grapheme indicated as being the mostprobable is not significantly higher than the degree of probability forthe grapheme indicated as being the second most probable. Morespecifically, where the difference between these two degrees ofprobability is less than a pre-determined threshold difference inprobabilities, the probability distribution may be deemed to provide anindication that the second most probable grapheme is almost as likely todescribe a speech sound that was uttered as the speech sound describedby the most probable grapheme such that it is deemed to be uncertain asto which of these two speech sounds is the one that was uttered.

In this way, the probability distribution may be said to provide anambiguous indication of what speech sound was uttered. In someembodiments, the degree of uncertainty used to control which model is tobe relied upon to identify a single word may be derived from measures ofsuch a difference in probabilities associated with the most probablegrapheme and the second most probable grapheme within each probabilitydistribution associated with the single word. These differences inprobabilities may be averaged or otherwise aggregated to derive a singlevalue indicative of the degree of uncertainty, which may then becompared to a threshold degree of uncertainty specified in theconfiguration data 2335. Where the degree of uncertainty is less thanthe threshold, greater weight may be assigned to the identification ofthe single word using the acoustic model, and where the degree ofuncertainty is greater than the threshold, greater weight may beassigned to the identification of the single word using the languagemodel.

In other embodiments, the degree of uncertainty used to control whichmodel is to be relied upon to identify a single word may be derived asan aggregate degree of perplexity or entropy. Stated differently, thedegree of uncertainty may be based on calculations of the degree ofentropy or degree of perplexity (which may be derived from a degree ofentropy) of each probability distribution associated with the singleword may be calculated and aggregated to derive a degree of uncertainty.In such embodiments, the aggregated degree of uncertainty may becompared to a threshold degree of uncertainty specified in theconfiguration data 2335. Again, where the degree of uncertainty is lessthan the threshold, greater weight may be assigned to the identificationof the single word using the acoustic model, and where the degree ofuncertainty is greater than the threshold, greater weight may beassigned to the identification of the single word using the languagemodel.

As previously discussed, in some embodiments, both of the acoustic modeland the language model may always be utilized in combination for eachspoken word, regardless of whether the dynamic per-word determination ismade to give greater weight to relying more on the acoustic model or thelanguage model to identify a word. Thus, the beam searches associatedwith the execution of the beam search component 2347 to use the languagemodel (where the language model is based on an n-gram corpus) may alwaysbe performed regardless of such dynamic per-word assignment of relativeweighting. This may be the case where an output of the language model isemployed as an input to the dynamic per-word relative weighting assignedto the acoustic and language models in addition to degree of uncertaintyfor the probability distributions for the corresponding graphemes.

Alternatively, in other embodiments, it may be that the language modelis not used to provide any input to the dynamic per-word relativeweighting. In such other embodiments, such a situation may provide theopportunity to entirely refrain from consuming processing and or storageresources to perform beam searches associated with using the languagemodel to identify a particular word if the results of the dynamicper-word relative weighting are such that the identification of the wordthat would be provided by the language model will not be used. In thisway, use of the language model may be made contingent on such dynamicper-word relative weighting.

As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, speech recognition inthe human brain involves using a combination of detecting andrecognizing speech sounds as received by the ears, and recognizingportions of language based on language rules. It has been observed that,where speech sounds are able to be clearly heard, speech recognition inthe human brain tends to rely more heavily on those sounds to determinewhat was said. However, such reliance on speech sounds as received bythe human ears may become insufficient where acoustic conditions aresuch that some speech sounds are masked enough to not be heard such thatthere are noticeable gaps in the speech sounds as received. It has beenobserved that, where at least some speech sounds are less clearly heard,speech recognition in the human brain tends to rely more heavily onlanguage rules to determine what was said, thereby effectively “fillingin the gaps” among the speech sounds that were able to be heard. To putthis more simply, it has been observed that the human brain will takeadvantage of opportunities to not expend the resources needed to uselanguage rules for such purposes when it is not necessary.

The use of degrees of uncertainty to select between the acoustic andlanguage models in identifying each word, as just described, effectivelyachieves a similar result. Where acoustic conditions are sufficientlygood as to enable spoken words to be captured clearly, the probabilitydistributions output by the acoustic model are more likely todemonstrate greater certainty in being able to identify words throughuse of the acoustic model, alone. However, where acoustic conditions aresufficiently poor as to degrade the ability to capture spoken wordsclearly, the probability distributions output by the acoustic model aremore likely to demonstrate greater uncertainty in being able to identifywords through use of the acoustic model alone, thereby inviting the useof the language model to identify words. Thus, such an evaluation of atleast the degree of uncertainty of the probability distributions outputby the acoustic model provide an indirect path for taking acousticconditions into account in dynamically determining how each spoken wordis ultimately identified.

However, as also depicted in FIG. 21B, alternative embodiments arepossible in which the acoustic conditions under which speech sounds arecaptured may be more directly taken into account. Specifically, it maybe that the indications of audio noise level 2235 that are determinedand stored as part of performing the APA segmentation technique (asdescribed earlier in connection with FIG. 16A) may be used as anotherinput to the transcript component 2548 in determining whether to use theacoustic model or the language model in selecting each word forinclusion in a transcript. By way of example, while it may be that thedegree of uncertainty demonstrated in the probability distributions fromthe acoustic model may be a primary factor in making such selections, anindication in the audio noise level 2235 of there being audio noise at alevel exceeding a pre-determined upper limit may trigger the use of thelanguage model, regardless of the degree of uncertainty demonstrated inthe probability distributions from the acoustic model.

Turning to FIG. 21C, from experimentation and observation, it has beenfound that, generally, many forms of automated text analyses are able tobe more successfully used with longer transcripts. Again, it has beenfound that shorter transcripts tend to cause an overemphasis on wordswith greater frequencies of use in a language, with the result thatanalyses to derive topics and/or other insights concerning the text of atranscript tend to produce less useful results.

As an approach to counteracting this effect, in some embodiments, all ofthe text derived from a single piece of speech audio may be maintainedand treated (at least for purposes of performing text analyses) as asingle transcript. More specifically, the text generated fromspeech-to-text processing of a single speech data set 3100 may beorganized within the text data set 3700 as a single transcript. However,as also previously discussed, a single transcript encompassing speechaudio that is especially long and/or that includes multipleconversations and/or verbal presentations may also beget less usefulresults when text analyses are performed thereon.

Thus, in some embodiments, rules concerning lengths of transcripts,frequencies of words, and/or acoustic features such as relativelylengthy pauses may be used to bring about the generation of lengthsand/or quantities of transcripts for each piece of speech audio that aremore amenable to providing useful results from automated text analyses.More specifically, a set of such rules may be used to cause theselective concatenation of the text of consecutive sets of segments ofspeech audio stored as a single speech data set 3100 to form multipletranscripts that may be stored together as a set of transcripts within asingle corresponding text data set 3700 (or as a set of transcripts thatare each stored as a separate text data set 3700). Such a text data set3700 (or such a multitude of text data sets 3700) may includeindications of the relative temporal order of the multiple transcriptsto preserve at least that contextual aspect.

Indications of such rules and/or thresholds therefore may be maintainedas part of the configuration data 2335. Among such thresholds may be aminimum and/or maximum threshold for the size of a transcript, which maybe expressed in terms of quantities of words and/or lengths of timeperiods. In some of such embodiments, it may be that text associatedwith segments of speech audio may be automatically combined to formtranscripts that have a length that meets such word count and/or timethresholds.

Alternatively or additionally, the configuration data 2335 may specify aminimum threshold quantity of words in a transcript that are required tohave a frequency of occurrence in a language that falls below aspecified maximum threshold. In some of such embodiments, it may be thattext associated with segments of speech audio may be combined to formtranscripts in which the combination of words includes such a requisitequantity of such lower frequency words. In so doing, the storage, withina corpus data set 3400, of uni-grams that are each correlated to anindication of frequency of use may be relied upon as a source of suchindications of frequency.

Also alternatively or additionally, the configuration data 2335 mayspecify a minimum threshold length of time for a pause between speechsounds that may be greater than the minimum threshold length for alikely sentence pause such that it may be deemed a likely pause betweenconversations and/or verbal presentations where a change of subject maybe more likely to occur. In some of such embodiments, occurrences ofsuch longer pauses may be used as breakpoints at which text may bedivided to define multiple transcripts. There may still be anenforcement of minimum and/or maximum thresholds as a default to addresssituations in which too few or too many of such longer pauses are foundto occur.

FIGS. 22A, 22B, 22C, 22D, 22E, 22F and 22G, taken together, illustrate,in greater detail, aspects of the generation and/or augmentation of ann-gram corpus implementing an n-gram language model. More specifically,FIGS. 22A-F present, in greater detail, aspects of the generation and/oraugmentation of a corpus data set 3400 based on the contents of a textdata set 3700. FIG. 22A illustrates aspects of the distribution ofportions of a selected text data set 3700 among multiple node devices2300 in preparation for the generation of n-grams therefrom. FIG. 22Billustrates aspects of the generation of a portion of an n-gram corpusfrom each of the portions of the selected text data set 3700. FIGS.22C-D illustrate aspects of the collection and combining of thegenerated portions of n-gram corpus to either form an entirely newcorpus data set 3400, or augment an existing corpus data set 3400. FIG.22E illustrates aspects of the distribution of portions of the new oraugmented corpus data set 3400 among multiple node devices 2300 inpreparation for the deduplication of n-grams therein. FIGS. 22F-Gillustrate aspects of the collection and re-combining of thededuplicated portions of the corpus data set 3400, and the calculationand/or re-calculation of relative frequencies and/or probabilities ofoccurrence of each of the n-grams therein.

Turning to FIG. 22A, within the control device 2500, execution of thecontrol routine 2510 may cause processor(s) 2550 thereof to selectparticular ones of the node devices 2300 for use in performingoperations to generate or augment an n-gram corpus from a selected textdata set 3700. The text data set 3700 may have been previously generatedas a transcript from speech audio, and/or the text data set 3700 mayhave been generated from any of a variety of other sources.

Following the selection of node devices 2300, in executing acoordination component 2519 of the control routine 2510, processor(s)2550 of the control device 2500 may be caused to cooperate withprocessors 2350 of the node devices 2300 to coordinate communicationsthrough the network 2999 to cause the provision of a different portion3710 of the text data set 3700 to each of the selected node devices2300. In this way the selected node devices 2300 are prepared for use ingenerating n-grams from the selected text data set 3700 in a distributedmanner.

Turning to FIG. 22B, in some embodiments, the processor(s) 2350 of oneor more of the selected node devices 2300 may be capable of supportingmultiple execution threads 2352 by which multiple different executableroutines and/or multiple instances of an executable routine may beexecuted at least partially in parallel. Within each of such selectednode devices 2300, the received text data portion 3710 may be dividedinto multiple text data sub-portions 3711 that are distributed amongmultiple execution threads 2352 therein. Within each such executionthread 2352, execution of an n-gram component 2317 of an instance of thecontrol routine 2310 may cause a core of a processor 2350 to parsethrough the text within the corresponding text data sub-portion 3711 togenerate n-grams therefrom.

In so doing, within each execution thread 2352, it may be that an n-grambuffer 2237 is instantiated to temporarily assemble and store sets ofthe generated n-grams until the n-gram buffer 2237 has been filled to atleast a predetermined degree, whereupon the contents of the n-grambuffer 2237 may be added to a corresponding corpus data sub-portion3411. In some embodiments, the n-gram buffer 2237 may be implemented asa hash map in which a two-dimensional (2D) array is defined wherein eachrow thereof is to store an n-gram generated from the correspondingtext-data sub-portion 3711, along with a count of instances of thatn-gram that have been generated. As each n-gram is generated from thetext of the text data sub-portion 3711, a hash value may be taken ofthat n-gram, and that hash value may become the index value used tospecify which row within the n-gram buffer 2237 is the row in which thatn-gram is to be stored, and in which the count for that n-gram is to beincremented to reflect the generation of an instance thereof. Each timethe contents of the n-gram buffer 2237 are added to the correspondingcorpus data sub-portion 3411, the counts for all of the rows therein maybe reset to indicate a quantity of 0 instances.

Such use of an n-gram buffer 2237 implemented as such a hash map may aidin reducing data storage requirements for each execution thread 2352and/or for each corpus data sub-portion by enabling some degree ofdeduplication of n-grams to be performed. More specifically, such use ofhash values as index values for rows within such an implementation of ahash table enables multiple instances of the same n-gram to berelatively quickly and efficiently identified so that just a single rowof storage space within the n-gram buffer 2237 is occupied for thosemultiple instances, instead of allowing each of those instances tooccupy a separate storage location within a data structure, eventemporarily.

Such use of distributed processing across multiple node devices 2300and/or across multiple execution threads 2352 within each node device2300, and such use of hash maps in performing at least an initialdeduplication of n-grams, may serve to enable relatively large n-gramcorpuses to be generated and used in the performance of speech-to-textprocessing. As a result, supporting a larger than commonplace n-gramcorpus that includes larger n-grams that include relatively largequantities of words (e.g., greater than the more commonplace quantitiesof 5 words or less) becomes practical. Alternatively or additionally,supporting a larger than commonplace n-gram corpus that includes highlyinfrequently used n-grams (e.g., n-grams that include names of specificpeople and/or places such that they may be found in just one ofthousands of text documents) also becomes practical. As those skilled inthe art will readily recognize, it is commonplace practice to allow onlyn-grams that occur in texts with a frequency above a predeterminedminimum threshold frequency to be included in an n-gram corpus in aneffort to limit the overall size thereof. The ability to support alarger n-gram corpus may render such a restriction unnecessary, therebyincreasing the accuracy that is able to be achieved in performing tospeech-to-text processing.

Within each of the selected node devices 2300, following the use of theentirety of the text data sub-portion 3711 in generating n-grams, themultiple execution threads 2352 may be caused to cooperate to assemblethe multiple corpus data sub-portions 3411 therein to form a singlecorresponding corpus data portion 3410.

Turning to FIG. 22C, within the control device 2500, further executionof the coordination component 2519 may cause processor(s) 2550 of thecontrol device 2500 to cooperate with processors 2350 of the nodedevices 2300 to coordinate communications through the network 2999 tocause the corpus data portions 3410 generated within each of theselected node devices to be provided to the one or more storage devices2100. In so doing, the multiple corpus data portions 3410 may becombined to form a new corpus data set 3400, or may be combined andadded to an existing corpus data set 3400.

Turning to FIG. 22D, as depicted, each of the corpus data sets 3400stored within the one or more storage devices 2100 may employ a 2D arraydata structure of rows 3421 and columns 3422. As also depicted, whileeach n-gram may occupy a single row 3421, each word within an n-gramoccupies a separate column 3422 such that the number of columns occupiedby each n-gram is based on the quantity of words that it includes. Itshould be noted that FIG. 22D depicts a deliberately highly simplifiedexample of a very small n-gram corpus that includes relatively fewuni-grams 3431 and relatively few bi-grams 3432. As depicted, the singleword within each of the uni-grams 3431 occupies just column 3422 a,while the pair of words within each of the bi-grams 3432 occupies bothcolumns 3422 a and 3422 b.

As will be familiar to those skilled in the art, the currently widelyused standard format for organizing n-gram corpuses to implement alanguage model is the “ARPA” text format originally introduced by DougB. Paul of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The ARPA format isgenerally implemented as an ASCII text file in which each n-gram isstored within a separate line of text separated by carriage returns.Although this format is widely accepted, it suffers variousdisadvantages, including slower access due to requiring a text parser tointerpret the contents of each line (not all of which include n-grams).Another limitation of the ARPA format is the imposition of a requirementthat all n-grams having the same quantity of words must be groupedtogether, and must be provided with a textual label indicating thequantity of words therein.

In contrast, the 2D array format depicted in FIG. 22D does not require atext parser for such purposes as it relies on the row-columnorganization of the array structure to enable speedier addressabilityand access to each word of n-gram. Also, as depicted, there may be noneed to group the uni-grams 3431 together and separately from thebi-grams 3432, or to provide distinct labels or other form ofidentification for each group. Instead, it may simply be the quantity ofcolumns 3422 occupied by each n-gram that determines the quantity ofwords therein. Again, the single word of each uni-gram 3431 occupies thesingle column 3422 a, while the pair of words of each bi-gram 3432occupies the pair of columns 3422 a and 3422 b, and so on. However, itshould be noted that such a 2D array format enables relatively easyimportation of the n-grams and related information from the ASCII textfile structure of the ARPA format. Specifically, a text parser may beused just once to parse such a text file structure to identify n-gramsand related information with which to fill the rows of the 2D arrayformat.

As a result of using such a 2D array format, the combining of the corpusdata portions 3410 to form a new corpus data set 3400, or to add to anexisting corpus data set 3400, becomes a relatively simple matter ofcombining rows 3421. In this way, the need for a text parser, as well astext file editing functionality, is eliminated.

Turning to FIG. 22E, following such combining of rows 3421 as part ofcombining corpus data portions 3410 containing newly generated n-grams,as just discussed, processor(s) 2550 of the control device 2500 may becaused to cooperate with the one or more storage devices 2100 tore-distribute the newly formed or newly augmented corpus data set 3400among multiple node devices 2300 in preparation for being refined. Morespecifically, although the newly formed or newly augmented corpus dataset 3400 may contain a relatively large quantity of newly generatedn-grams, there may remain duplications of n-grams therein, at least as aresult of having been generated in a distributed manner across multiplenode devices 2300. Also, to fully enable the use of the corpus data set3400 as a language model, relative frequencies and/or probabilities ofoccurrence for each n-gram must be calculated, or re-calculated.

Unlike the relatively simple division of the text data set 3700 intotext data portions 3710 earlier discussed in reference to FIG. 22A, inFIG. 22E, the rows 3421 of n-grams within the corpus data set 3400 maybe reorganized into groups based on hash values taken of each n-gram.More precisely, a hash value may be taken of each n-gram, and then then-grams may be reorganized within the corpus data set 3400 based on anascending or descending order of their hash values. This advantageouslyhas the result of causing the rows 3421 of duplicate n-grams to becomeadjacent rows 3421. With the rows 3421 of n-grams so reorganized,sub-ranges of hash values within the full range of hash values may bederived as a mechanism for dividing the corpus data set 3400 intomultiple corpus data groups 3415 that contain relatively similarquantities of rows 3421 for distribution among the multiple node devices2300. In this way, each set of adjacent rows 3421 of duplicate n-gram iskept together and provided together to a single node device 2300 fordeduplication.

As previously discussed, in some embodiments, it may be thatprocessor(s) of the one or more storage devices 2100 are capable ofperforming at least a limited range of processing operations needed tomaintain local and/or distributed file systems as part of storing datasets of widely varying sizes within either a single storage device 2100or across multiple storage devices 2100. In such embodiments, theprocessor(s) of the one or more storage devices 2100 may be capable ofperforming at least a limited range of data reorganization functions,including the grouping of rows within array-type data structures basedon a variety of organizing criteria, including hash values. Thus, insuch embodiments, it may be that processor(s) 2550 of the control deviceare caused, by execution of the coordinating component 2519, to transmita command to the one or more storage devices 2100 to cause such areorganization of the rows 3421 within the corpus data set 3400, priorto the division of the corpus data set 3400 into the multiple corpusdata groups 3415 by sub-ranges of those very same hash values.

Turning to FIG. 22F, within each of the multiple node devices 2300,execution of a compacting component 2318 may cause processor(s) 2350thereof to iterate through the rows 3421 of n-grams within itscorresponding corpus data group 3415 to identify instances of two ormore rows 3421 containing duplicate n-grams. For each such instance ofduplicate n-grams, the two or more rows 3421 containing duplicates of ann-gram may be reduced to a single row 3421 containing just a single copyof that n-gram, and an indication of at least the quantity of duplicatesidentified may be stored within the single row 3421.

As such deduplication of n-grams within each corpus data group 3415 iscompleted, the corpus data groups 3415 may be provided to the controldevice 2500, where they may be re-combined to recreate the corpus dataset 3400. In so doing, execution of a probability component 2511 of thecontrol routine 2510 may cause processor(s) 2550 of the control device2500 to calculate values for the frequency and/or probability ofoccurrence for each n-gram, and to augment each row 3421 with thosevalue(s). More specifically, and as depicted in FIG. 22G, one or morecolumns 3422 that were previously unoccupied across all of the rows 3421may be caused to store such frequency and/or probability values.

Returning to FIG. 22F, as will be familiar to those skilled the art,there may arise situations in which the n-grams within the corpus dataset 3400 do not cover all possible combinations of the words that arepresent within the corpus data set 3400. This may result in a defaultassignment of a zero probability value to such combinations of words asif such combinations could never occur, and this may adversely affectthe accuracy of the resulting language mode in speech-to-textoperations.

To at least mitigate this adverse affect, the processor(s) 2550 of thecontrol device 2500 may be caused to provide one of a variety of typesof “smoothing” of values indicative of probability of occurrence for atleast a subset of the n-grams within the corpus data set 3400. Morespecifically, for at least some n-grams with a higher probability ofoccurring, their probability values may be reduced by a relatively smalldegree (thereby indicating a slightly reduced probability of occurring),and the probability value assigned for the occurrence of n-grams notincluded within the corpus data set 3400 may be increased to a non-zerovalue.

Among the widely accepted techniques for smoothing are various “backoff”calculations that may be used to derive a backoff value by which theprobability values of at least a subset of the n-grams may be multipliedto reduce those values by a relatively small degree. As those skilled inthe art will readily recognize, one widely used technique forcalculating the backoff value is the Katz back-off model introduced bySlava M. Katz, but this technique becomes less effective as the size ofthe n-gram corpus increases. Another widely known technique is the“Stupid Backoff” introduced by Google, Inc. in 2007, but this techniqueis based on the use of a fixed value which, despite being capable of atleast somewhat better results than the Katz back-off model, can alsoyield increasingly less effective results as the size of the n-gramcorpus increases.

To better handle the potentially larger than commonplace size of then-gram corpus within the corpus data set 3400, the probability component2511 may employ an entirely new calculation:

${Backoff}{(n) = \frac{{{Set}\left( {n\mspace{14mu}{gram}} \right)}}{{{Set}\left( {n - {1\mspace{14mu}{gram}}} \right)}}}$

In this new calculation, the backoff value for an n-gram corpus of up ton words per n-gram may be derived by dividing the quantity of n-gramsthat include n words by the quantity of n-grams that include n-1 words.This backoff value is able to be quickly and simply calculated once, andthen the values for the probability of occurrence of all of the n-gramsmay be multiplied by this backoff value. Since this backoff value iscalculated based on the n-grams actually present within the corpus dataset 3400, instead of being based on an arbitrary fixed value, theresulting n-gram perplexity is not rendered artificially smaller than itshould be, thereby enabling better accuracy in the use of the corpusdata set 3400 as a language model for speech-to-text processingoperations.

FIGS. 23A, 23B, 23C, 23D and 23E, together, illustrate an exampleembodiment of a logic flow 4100. The logic flow 4100 may berepresentative of some or all of the operations executed by one or moreembodiments described herein. More specifically, the logic flow 4100 mayillustrate operations performed by core(s) 2351 and/or 2551 of theprocessor(s) 2350 and/or 2550 of the node devices 2300 and/or of thecontrol device 2500, respectively, in executing various ones of thecontrol routines 2310, 2340, 2510 and 2540.

Starting at FIG. 23A, at 4110, processor(s) of a control device of aprocessing system (e.g., the processor(s) 2550 of the control device2500 of the processing system 2000 of either of FIGS. 13A or 13B) mayreceive a request from a requesting device via a network (e.g., therequesting device 2700 via the network 2999) to perform speech-to-textconversion of speech audio represented by a specified speech data set(e.g., one of the speech data sets 3100).

At 4112, pre-processing of the speech audio represented by the specifiedspeech data set may begin with either a processor of the control deviceor processor(s) of one or more node devices of the processing system(e.g., one or more of the node devices 2300) dividing the speech dataset into data chunks that each represent a chunk of the speech audio. Ashas been discussed, the pre-processing may entail the performances ofmultiple segmentation techniques (e.g., the combination of at least theAPA segmentation technique of FIGS. 16A-C, and the CTC segmentationtechnique of FIGS. 17A-B) at least partially in parallel. As alsodiscussed, where the processing system does include multiple nodedevices (e.g., the multiple node devices 2300), it may be that eachsegmentation technique is assigned to be performed by a different one ofthe node devices. Alternatively, where the processing system does not soinclude such a multitude of node devices, it may be that eachsegmentation technique is assigned to be performed by a different coreand/or a different processor of the control device.

It should again be noted that the chunks of the speech audio used bydifferent ones of the segmentation techniques may not be of the samesize, or more precisely, may not represent chunks of the speech audiothat are of the same length (e.g., as previously discussed, the chunksof speech audio generated for the APA segmentation technique may beshorter than those generated for the CTC segmentation technique).Therefore, it may be that multiple different sets of chunks of thespeech audio are generated at 4112. More precisely, where eachsegmentation technique is assigned to a different node device or to adifferent thread of execution, it may be that the division of the speechaudio into chunks is among the operations that are also so assigned suchthat separate node devices or separate cores are used to separatelygenerate chunks of speech audio that are of appropriate length for theircorresponding one of the segmentation techniques.

Regardless of the exact manner in which chunks of speech audio aregenerated at 4112, as depicted, multiple portions of pre-processing maybe performed at least partially in parallel across FIGS. 23B-D,including the APA and CTC segmentation techniques.

Turning to FIG. 23B, and following the generation of APA data chunks at4112 that are of appropriate size for use as inputs to the APAsegmentation technique (e.g., the data chunks 3110 a), at 4120, core(s)of a processor of either a node device or of the control device mayanalyze the chunk of speech audio represented by each APA data chunk toidentify and measure the peak amplitude present therein. At 4122, withthe peak amplitudes of each of the APA data chunks so measured, apre-selected percentile amplitude may be derived from across all of themeasured peak amplitudes from across all of the APA data chunks, and maybe designated to serve as a threshold amplitude (e.g., the thresholdamplitude 2232).

At 4124, the peak amplitude measured within each of the APA data chunksmay be compared to the threshold amplitude. At 4126, each APA data chunkrepresenting a chunk of speech audio having a peak amplitude greaterthan the threshold amplitude may be designated as a speech data chunk(e.g., a speech data chunk 3110 s), and each APA data chunk representinga chunk of speech audio having a peak amplitude less than the thresholdamplitude may be designated as a pause data chunk (e.g., a pause datachunk 3110 p). Again, in various differing embodiments, each APA datachunk representing a chunk of speech audio having a peak amplitude equalto the threshold amplitude may be designated as either a speech datachunk or a pause data chunk.

At 4130, a first set of temporally consecutive APA data chunks of apre-selected quantity, starting with the temporally earliest one of theAPA data chunks, may be selected and analyzed to identify the longestconsecutive subset of the APA data chunks therein that have beendesignated as pause data chunks, thereby corresponding to the longestpause present across all of the corresponding consecutive chunks ofspeech audio represented by the set of APA data chunks. The identifiedlongest pause may be designated a likely sentence pause.

At 4132, an indication of the just-designated likely sentence pause maythen be noted within an APA candidate set of likely sentence pauses(e.g., the APA candidate set 3118 a of likely sentence pauses). Aspreviously discussed, such an indication of a likely sentence pausewithin the APA candidate set may include an indication of the temporallocation of the likely sentence pause within the entirety of the speechaudio.

At 4134, a check may be made of whether there are any more APA datachunks beyond (i.e., temporally later than) the set of APA data chunksjust analyzed. If so, then at 4136, another set of temporallyconsecutive APA data chunks of a pre-selected quantity may be selected,where the newly selected set may start either 1) with the APA chunk thattemporally follows the subset of APA data chunks that make up thelongest pause of the last set, or 2) amidst the subset of APA datachunks that make up the longest pause of the last set (e.g., with theAPA chunk at the midpoint of that longest pause). The newly selected setof APA data chunks may then be analyzed to identify the longestconsecutive subset of the APA data chunks with the new set that havebeen designated as pause data chunks, thereby corresponding to thelongest pause present across all of the corresponding consecutive chunksof speech audio represented by the set of APA data chunks. Theidentified longest pause may be designated a likely sentence pause.Again, at 4132, an indication of the just-designated likely sentencepause may then be noted within the APA candidate set of likely sentencepauses.

However, if at 4134, there are no more APA data chunks beyond the set ofAPA data chunks just analyzed, then a combining of multiple candidatesets of likely sentence pauses may be performed at 4170 and 4172 in FIG.23E, as will shortly be described.

Turning to FIG. 23C, and following the generation of APA data chunks at4112 that are of appropriate size for use as inputs to the APAsegmentation technique (e.g., the data chunks 3110 a), at 4140, core(s)of a processor of either a node device or of the control device mayanalyze the chunk of speech audio represented by each APA data chunk toidentify and measure an amplitude of audio noise present therein. Aspreviously discussed in reference to FIG. 16A, it may be that suchmeasurements of a level of audio noise may be taken coincident with thetaking of measurements of peak amplitude of each of the APA data chunks.However, it should be noted that other embodiments are possible in whichmeasurements of a level of audio noise may be taken of other chunksgenerated for another of the multiple segmentation techniques, ormeasurement(s) may be taken of a level of audio noise in the speechaudio at a time and/or in a manner that may entirely unconnected withany of the segmentation techniques.

At 4142, with the audio noise levels of each of the APA data chunks someasured, at least one indication of the audio noise level within thespeech audio (e.g., the audio noise level 2235) may be derived using anyof a variety of ways. By way of example, and as previously discussed,such an indicated audio noise level may be based on average noiselevels, lowest noise levels, and/or highest noise levels across all ofthe APA data chunks.

Following the derivation of the indicated audio noise level, a combiningof multiple candidate sets of likely sentence pauses may be performed at4170 and 4172 in FIG. 23E, as will shortly be described, including theuse of the indicated audio noise level.

Turning to FIG. 23D, and following the generation of CTC data chunks at4112 that are of appropriate size for use as inputs to the CTCsegmentation technique (e.g., the data chunks 3110 c), at 4150, core(s)of a processor of either a node device or of the control device mayconfigure a neural network of the node device or of the control deviceto implement an acoustic model. As has been discussed, the neuralnetwork that is so configured may incorporate a CTC output that wouldnormally be used to output a blank symbol that provides an indication oftheir being consecutive instances of a character that are not to bemerged. At 4152, the temporally earliest one of the CTC data chunks maybe provided to the neural network as an input.

At 4154, if there are no strings of consecutive blank symbols output bythe neural network, then a check may be made at 4164 of whether thereare any more CTC data chunks remaining to be provided to the neuralnetwork as input. If there is at least one more of such CTC data chunksremaining, then the temporally next CTC data chunk (i.e., the next CTCdata chunk in order from the temporally earliest to the temporallylatest) may be provided to the neural network as input at 4166.

However, if at 4154, there are one or more strings of consecutive blanksymbols output by the neural network in response to the provisionthereto of a CTC data chunk as input, then at 4156, the length of eachof those one or more strings may be compared to a pre-determinedthreshold blank string length. At 4158, any string of consecutive blanksymbols that is at least as long as the threshold blank string length,then each such string may be designated as a likely sentence pause. If,at 4160, there are no strings of consecutive blank symbols in the outputof the neural network that have been so designated as likely sentencepauses, then the check of whether there are any more CTC data chunksremaining may be made at 4164. However, if at 4160, there are one ormore strings of consecutive blank symbols that have been designated aslikely sentence pauses, then for each such string, an indication of alikely sentence pause may then be noted within the CTC candidate set oflikely sentence pauses at 4162, and then the check may be made at 4164for more CTC data chunks.

However, if at 4164, there are no more CTC data chunks, then a combiningof multiple candidate sets of likely sentence pauses may be performed at4170 and 4172 in FIG. 23E, as will now be described.

Turning to FIG. 23E, at 4170, core(s) of a processor of either a nodedevice or of the control device may assign relative weighting factors toeach of the segmentation techniques by which a candidate set of likelysentence pauses has been generated. As has been discussed, suchweighting factors may be made dynamically adjustable based on theearlier derived indication of audio noise level, and this may be done inrecognition of the differing degrees to which each of the segmentationtechniques is susceptible to the presence of audio noise within speechaudio. At 4172, the assigned relative weighting factors may be used inthe combining of the multiple candidate sets of likely sentences pausesto generate the converged set thereof

At 4180, core(s) of a processor of each of one or more node devices,and/or cores(s) of a processor of the control device may re-divide thespeech data set into data segments that each represent a segment of thespeech audio. With the provision of segments of the speech audio to useas an input, the processing operations to perform the requestedspeech-to-text may begin. As has been discussed, due to the performanceof the pre-processing operations, each point at which the speech audiois divided to form segments is at least likely to be a midpoint of asentence pause, thereby making it more likely that each segment willfully contain the complete pronunciations of phonemes, words and/orentire sentences. As also discussed, it may be that the segments aredistributed among multiple node devices or among multiple executionthreads within the control device to enhance the speed at which suchprocessing is performed.

At 4182, feature detection is performed on each segment to detectinstances of a pre-selected set of acoustic features that are to beprovide as an input to an acoustic model for purposes of identifyinglikely text characters. At 4184, within each node device and/or withinthe control device, core(s) of a processor may configure neuralnetwork(s) to implement an acoustic model for use in characteridentification. Again, the same type of neural network with CTC outputmay be configured to re-implement the same acoustic model as was usedduring pre-processing in the CTC segmentation technique.

At 4186, each data segment is provided to such a neural network as inputfor the identification of likely text characters (along with blanksymbols used to identify instances of identical consecutive textcharacters). At 4188, such identified text characters are provided toimplementation(s) of a language model as input for the identification ofwords.

At 4190, a processor of a node device or a processor of the controldevice may assemble the identified words, in temporal order, to formtext data that represents the text into which the speech audio of thespeech data set has been converted (e.g., the text data 2519). Aspreviously discussed, such text data may then be transmitted back to thedevice from which the request was received to perform the speech-to-textconversion.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example embodiment of another logic flow 4200.The logic flow 4200 may be representative of some or all of theoperations executed by one or more embodiments described herein. Morespecifically, the logic flow 4200 may illustrate operations performed bycore(s) 2351 and/or 2551 of the processor(s) 2350 and/or 2550 of thenode devices 2300 and/or of the control device 2500, respectively, inexecuting various ones of the control routines 2340 and 2540.

At 4210, core(s) of processor(s) of a node device of a processing system(e.g., the core(s) 2351 of the processor(s) 2350 of one of the nodedevices 2300 of the processing system 2000 of either of FIGS. 13A or13B), or core(s) of processor(s) of a control device of the processingsystem (e.g., the core(s) 2551 of the processor(s) 2550 of the controldevice 2500 of the processing system 2000 of either of FIGS. 13A or 13B)may perform feature detection on one or more consecutive frames of asegment of speech audio covering a period of time during which a nextword was spoken. As has been discussed, the output of the performance offeature detection may be data structures (e.g., the feature vectors3142) that provide indications of detected instances of various acousticfeatures, along with indications of when those instances occurred.

At 4212, such feature vectors generated from the performance of featuredetection may be provided as input to an acoustic model. As has beendiscussed, the acoustic model may be implemented using a neural network(e.g., the neural network 2355 or 2555, which may include a CTC output2356 or 2556, respectively), or using any of a variety of othertechnologies.

At 4214, the core(s) of the processor(s) of either the node device orthe control device may be caused to use the acoustic model with thefeature vectors as input to generate corresponding probabilitydistributions of graphemes. As has been discussed, each grapheme may becorrelated, either individually or in various combinations, to one ormore speech sounds. As a result, each of the probability distributionsprovides an indication of relative probabilities of various differentspeech sounds having been uttered at a particular time.

At 4216, from multiple probability distributions that are associatedwith the pronunciation of the next single word that was spoken and thatis to be identified for addition to a transcript, a set of apre-determined quantity of candidate words (e.g., the candidate words3145) may be generated, where each of the candidate words is among thosethat are most likely to be the next spoken word. At 4220, for eachcandidate word in the set of candidate words, a corresponding candidaten-gram may be generated that is to become part of a corresponding set ofcandidate n-grams (e.g., the set 3146 of candidate n-grams).

At 4222, the core(s) of the processor(s) of either the node device orthe control device may be caused to use the language model with the setof candidate n-grams as input to generate a corresponding set ofprobabilities (e.g., one of the probability sets 3147). As has beendiscussed, where the language model is based on an n-gram corpus (e.g.,one of the corpus data sets 3400), beam searches may be used to retrievethe per-n-gram probabilities stored as part of the n-gram corpus. As aresult, each of the probability sets provides the relative probabilitiesof the set of n-grams, thereby enabling the most probable candidaten-gram of that set to be determined, and in so doing, enabling the mostprobable corresponding candidate word to be identified as the next mostlikely word to be spoken, according to the language model.

At 4230, each of the probability distributions for graphemes associatedwith the next word may be analyzed to derive an aggregate degree ofuncertainty for those probability distributions. If, at 4232, theresulting degree of uncertainty is greater than a pre-determinedthreshold level, then at 4234, greater weighting may be given to relyingon the language model to identify the next word most likely to have beenspoken. However, if at 4232, the resulting degree of uncertainty is lessthan the pre-determined threshold level, then at 4236, greater weightingmay be given to relying on the acoustic model to identify the next wordmost likely to have been spoken.

In various embodiments, each of the processors 2350, 2550 and 2750 mayinclude any of a wide variety of commercially available processors.Further, one or more of these processors may include multipleprocessors, a multi-threaded processor, a multi-core processor (whetherthe multiple cores coexist on the same or separate dies), and/or amulti-processor architecture of some other variety by which multiplephysically separate processors are linked.

However, in a specific embodiment, the processor(s) 2350 of each of theone or more node devices 2300 may be selected to efficiently perform theanalysis of multiple instances of pre-processing, processing and/orpost-processing operations at least partially in parallel. By way ofexample, the processors 2350 may incorporate a single-instructionmultiple-data (SIMD) architecture, may incorporate multiple processingpipelines, and/or may incorporate the ability to support multiplesimultaneous threads of execution per processing pipeline. Alternativelyor additionally by way of example, the processor 1550 may incorporatemulti-threaded capabilities and/or multiple processor cores to enableparallel performances of the tasks of more than job flow.

In various embodiments, each of the control routines 2310, 2340, 2370,2510, 2540, 2570 and 2740, including the components of which each iscomposed, may be selected to be operative on whatever type of processoror processors that are selected to implement applicable ones of theprocessors 2350, 2550 and/or 2750 within each one of the devices 2300,2500 and/or 2700, respectively. In various embodiments, each of theseroutines may include one or more of an operating system, device driversand/or application-level routines (e.g., so-called “software suites”provided on disc media, “applets” obtained from a remote server, etc.).Where an operating system is included, the operating system may be anyof a variety of available operating systems appropriate for theprocessors 2350, 2550 and/or 2750. Where one or more device drivers areincluded, those device drivers may provide support for any of a varietyof other components, whether hardware or software components, of thedevices 2300, 2500 and/or 2700.

In various embodiments, each of the storages 2360, 2560 and 2760 may bebased on any of a wide variety of information storage technologies,including volatile technologies requiring the uninterrupted provision ofelectric power, and/or including technologies entailing the use ofmachine-readable storage media that may or may not be removable. Thus,each of these storages may include any of a wide variety of types (orcombination of types) of storage device, including without limitation,read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM),Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM(SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, polymermemory (e.g., ferroelectric polymer memory), ovonic memory, phase changeor ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS)memory, magnetic or optical cards, one or more individual ferromagneticdisk drives, non-volatile storage class memory, or a plurality ofstorage devices organized into one or more arrays (e.g., multipleferromagnetic disk drives organized into a Redundant Array ofIndependent Disks array, or RAID array). It should be noted thatalthough each of these storages is depicted as a single block, one ormore of these may include multiple storage devices that may be based ondiffering storage technologies. Thus, for example, one or more of eachof these depicted storages may represent a combination of an opticaldrive or flash memory card reader by which programs and/or data may bestored and conveyed on some form of machine-readable storage media, aferromagnetic disk drive to store programs and/or data locally for arelatively extended period, and one or more volatile solid state memorydevices enabling relatively quick access to programs and/or data (e.g.,SRAM or DRAM). It should also be noted that each of these storages maybe made up of multiple storage components based on identical storagetechnology, but which may be maintained separately as a result ofspecialization in use (e.g., some DRAM devices employed as a mainstorage while other DRAM devices employed as a distinct frame buffer ofa graphics controller).

However, in a specific embodiment, the storage 2560 in embodiments inwhich the one or more of the federated devices 2500 provide federatedspaces 2566, or the storage devices 2600 in embodiments in which the oneor more storage devices 2600 provide federated spaces 2566, may beimplemented with a redundant array of independent discs (RAID) of a RAIDlevel selected to provide fault tolerance to objects stored within thefederated spaces 2566.

In various embodiments, the input device 2720 may be any of a variety oftypes of input device that may each employ any of a wide variety ofinput detection and/or reception technologies. Examples of such inputdevices include, and are not limited to, microphones, remote controls,stylus pens, card readers, finger print readers, virtual realityinteraction gloves, graphical input tablets, joysticks, keyboards,retina scanners, the touch input components of touch screens,trackballs, environmental sensors, and/or either cameras or cameraarrays to monitor movement of persons to accept commands and/or dataprovided by those persons via gestures and/or facial expressions.

In various embodiments, the display 2780 may be any of a variety oftypes of display device that may each employ any of a wide variety ofvisual presentation technologies. Examples of such a display deviceincludes, and is not limited to, a cathode-ray tube (CRT), anelectroluminescent (EL) panel, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a gasplasma display, etc. In some embodiments, the display 2780 may be atouchscreen display such that the input device 2720 may be incorporatedtherein as touch-sensitive components thereof

In various embodiments, each of the network interfaces 2390, 2590 and2790 may employ any of a wide variety of communications technologiesenabling these devices to be coupled to other devices as has beendescribed. Each of these interfaces includes circuitry providing atleast some of the requisite functionality to enable such coupling.However, each of these interfaces may also be at least partiallyimplemented with sequences of instructions executed by correspondingones of the processors (e.g., to implement a protocol stack or otherfeatures). Where electrically and/or optically conductive cabling isemployed, these interfaces may employ timings and/or protocolsconforming to any of a variety of industry standards, including withoutlimitation, RS-232C, RS-422, USB, Ethernet (IEEE-802.3) or IEEE-1394.Where the use of wireless transmissions is entailed, these interfacesmay employ timings and/or protocols conforming to any of a variety ofindustry standards, including without limitation, IEEE 802.11a,802.11ad, 802.11ah, 802.11ax, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.16, 802.20 (commonlyreferred to as “Mobile Broadband Wireless Access”); Bluetooth; ZigBee;or a cellular radiotelephone service such as GSM with General PacketRadio Service (GSM/GPRS), CDMA/1xRTT, Enhanced Data Rates for GlobalEvolution (EDGE), Evolution Data Only/Optimized (EV-DO), Evolution ForData and Voice (EV-DV), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), HighSpeed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), 4G LTE, 5G, etc.

However, in a specific embodiment, one or more of the network interfaces2390 and/or 2590 may be implemented with multiple copper-based orfiber-optic based network interface ports to provide redundant and/orparallel pathways in exchanging at least the speech data sets 2130.

In various embodiments, the division of processing and/or storageresources among the federated devices 1500, and/or the API architecturesemployed to support communications between the federated devices andother devices may be configured to and/or selected to conform to any ofa variety of standards for distributed processing, including withoutlimitation, IEEE P2413, AllJoyn, IoTivity, etc. By way of example, asubset of API and/or other architectural features of one or more of suchstandards may be employed to implement the relatively minimal degree ofcoordination described herein to provide greater efficiency inparallelizing processing of data, while minimizing exchanges ofcoordinating information that may lead to undesired instances ofserialization among processes. However, it should be noted that theparallelization of storage, retrieval and/or processing of portions ofthe speech data sets 2130 are not dependent on, nor constrained by,existing API architectures and/or supporting communications protocols.More broadly, there is nothing in the manner in which the speech datasets 2130 may be organized in storage, transmission and/or distributionvia the network 2999 that is bound to existing API architectures orprotocols.

Some systems may use Hadoop®, an open-source framework for storing andanalyzing big data in a distributed computing environment. Some systemsmay use cloud computing, which can enable ubiquitous, convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services)that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal managementeffort or service provider interaction. Some grid systems may beimplemented as a multi-node Hadoop® cluster, as understood by a personof skill in the art. Apache™ Hadoop® is an open-source softwareframework for distributed computing.

1. An apparatus comprising at least one processor and a storage to storeinstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe at least one processor to perform operations comprising: receive,from a requesting device via a network, a request to performspeech-to-text conversion of a specified speech data set representingspeech audio; in response to the request, the at least one processor iscaused to perform preprocessing operations of a first segmentationtechnique comprising: divide the speech data set into multiple datachunks that each represent a chunk of multiple chunks of the speechaudio; use an acoustic model with each data chunk of the multiple datachunks to identify pauses in the speech audio; and analyze a length oftime of each identified pause in the speech audio to identify a firstcandidate set of likely sentence pauses in the speech audio; in responseto the request, the at least one processor is caused to performspeech-to-text operations comprising: based, at least in part, on thefirst candidate set of likely sentence pauses, divide the speech dataset into multiple data segments that each represent a speech segment ofmultiple speech segments of the speech audio; use the acoustic modelwith each data segment of the multiple data segments to identify likelyspeech sounds in the speech audio; analyze the identified likely speechsounds to identify candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speechaudio; based, at least in part, on the candidate sets of words likelyspoken in the speech audio, generate a transcript of the speech dataset; and transmit an indication of the generation of the transcript tothe requesting device.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: theacoustic model is based on a neural network; the neural networkcomprises a connectionist temporal classification (CTC) output; the CTCoutput generates strings of one or more blank symbols for the identifiedpauses; a quantity of blank symbols in each string of one or more blanksymbols correlates to a length of a corresponding identified pause; andthe identification of the first candidate set of likely sentence pausescomprises: comparing the length of each identified speech pauseindicated by a corresponding string of one or more blank symbols to apredetermined blank threshold length; and designating each identifiedspeech pause that is at least as long as the predetermined blankthreshold length as a likely sentence pause of the first candidate setof likely sentence pauses.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein: theacoustic model outputs indications of occurrences of speech sounds asindications of occurrences of graphemes of a set of graphemes; the blanksymbol comprises a grapheme of the set of graphemes that is indicativeof a pause between speech sounds; and the identification of candidatesets of words likely spoken in the speech audio comprises analyzing theindications of occurrence of graphemes output by the acoustic model toidentify combinations of graphemes that correspond to words.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 2, comprising at least one neuromorphic device toenable instantiation of the acoustic model, the at least one processoris caused to perform operations comprising: prior to the use of theacoustic model to identify pauses in the speech audio, configure the atleast one neuromorphic device to instantiate at least one instance ofthe acoustic model; and following the use of the acoustic model toidentify pauses in the speech audio, maintain the configuration of theat least one neuromorphic device to maintain the at least one instanceof the acoustic model to enable use of the at least one instance of theacoustic model to identify speech sounds in the speech audio.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 2, comprising a distributed processing system thatcomprises a control device and multiple node devices, wherein: the atleast one processor comprises a processor of the control device andmultiple processors of the multiple node devices; and the processor ofthe control device is caused to distribute indications of aconfiguration of the neural network of the acoustic model to themultiple node devices to enable instantiation of multiple instances ofthe acoustic model within the multiple node devices by the multipleprocessors of the multiple node devices.
 6. The apparatus of claim 2,wherein: in response to the request, the at least one processor iscaused to perform pre-processing operations of a second segmentationtechnique comprising: divide the speech audio into multiple alternatedata chunks that each represent an alternate chunk of multiple alternatechunks of the speech audio; derive a threshold amplitude based on atleast one peak amplitude of the speech audio; compare a peak amplitudeof the alternate chunk of the speech audio of each alternate data chunkto the threshold amplitude; designate each alternate data chunk with apeak amplitude that is below the threshold amplitude as an alternatepause data chunk; within at least one set of temporally consecutivealternate data chunks of the multiple alternate chunks, identify alongest subset of temporally consecutive alternate pause data chunks;and for each set of the at least one set of temporally consecutivealternate data chunks, store an indication of the longest subset oftemporally consecutive alternate pause data chunks as a likely sentencepause of a second candidate set of likely sentence pauses; and thedivision of the of the speech data set into the multiple data segmentsis based on a combination of the first candidate set of likely sentencepauses and the second candidate set of likely sentence pauses.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein: the identification of the first candidateset of likely sentence pauses comprises: analyzing each data chunk ofthe multiple data chunks to identify acoustic features occurring withineach corresponding chunk of speech audio; and providing indications ofthe acoustic features occurring within each chunk of speech audio to theacoustic model as input; and the identification of the candidate sets ofwords likely spoken in the speech audio comprises: subdividing a datasegment of the multiple data segments into multiple data frames thateach represent a portion of a corresponding speech segment; analyzingeach data frame of the multiple data frames to identify acousticfeatures occurring within each corresponding portion of thecorresponding speech segment; and providing indications of the acousticfeatures occurring within each portion of the corresponding speechsegment to the acoustic model as input.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein: the acoustic model outputs probability distributions indicativeof probabilities of occurrence of speech sounds for each of multiplespecific times within a period of time; and the identification of thecandidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio comprisesanalyzing the probability distributions output by the acoustic model toidentify combinations of speech sounds that correspond to words.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein, in response to the request, the at leastone processor is caused to perform further speech-to-text operationscomprising: use a language model with the candidate sets of words toderive corresponding candidate sets of n-grams accompanied bycorresponding indications of relative probabilities of use of eachn-gram within each candidate set of n-grams; and use at least one ofprobability distributions output by the acoustic model or indications ofrelative probabilities output by the language model to select each wordincluded in the transcript from either a corresponding candidate set ofwords or a corresponding candidate set of n-grams.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the selection of each word included in the transcriptis further based on a relative weighting of the acoustic model and thelanguage model that is based on a level of audio noise of the speechaudio.
 11. A computer-program product tangibly embodied in anon-transitory machine-readable storage medium, the computer-programproduct including instructions operable to cause at least one processorto perform operations comprising: receive, from a requesting device viaa network, a request to perform speech-to-text conversion of a specifiedspeech data set representing speech audio; in response to the request,the at least one processor is caused to perform pre-processingoperations of a first segmentation technique comprising: divide thespeech data set into multiple data chunks that each represent a chunk ofmultiple chunks of the speech audio; use an acoustic model with eachdata chunk of the multiple data chunks to identify pauses in the speechaudio; and analyze a length of time of each identified pause in thespeech audio to identify a first candidate set of likely sentence pausesin the speech audio; in response to the request, the at least oneprocessor is caused to perform speech-to-text operations comprising:based, at least in part, on the first candidate set of likely sentencepauses, divide the speech data set into multiple data segments that eachrepresent a speech segment of multiple speech segments of the speechaudio; use the acoustic model with each data segment of the multipledata segments to identify likely speech sounds in the speech audio;analyze the identified likely speech sounds to identify candidate setsof words likely spoken in the speech audio; based, at least in part, onthe candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio, generatea transcript of the speech data set; and transmit an indication of thegeneration of the transcript to the requesting device.
 12. Thecomputer-program product of claim 11, wherein: the acoustic model isbased on a neural network; the neural network comprises a connectionisttemporal classification (CTC) output; the CTC output generates stringsof one or more blank symbols for the identified pauses; a quantity ofblank symbols in each string of one or more blank symbols correlates toa length of a corresponding identified pause; and the identification ofthe first candidate set of likely sentence pauses comprises: comparingthe length of each identified speech pause indicated by a correspondingstring of one or more blank symbols to a predetermined blank thresholdlength; and designating each identified speech pause that is at least aslong as the predetermined blank threshold length as a likely sentencepause of the first candidate set of likely sentence pauses.
 13. Thecomputer-program product of claim 12, wherein: the acoustic modeloutputs indications of occurrences of speech sounds as indications ofoccurrences of graphemes of a set of graphemes; the blank symbolcomprises a grapheme of the set of graphemes that is indicative of apause between speech sounds; and the identification of candidate sets ofwords likely spoken in the speech audio comprises analyzing theindications of occurrence of graphemes output by the acoustic model toidentify combinations of graphemes that correspond to words.
 14. Thecomputer-program product of claim 12, wherein the at least one processoris caused to perform operations comprising: prior to the use of theacoustic model to identify pauses in the speech audio, configure atleast one neuromorphic device to instantiate at least one instance ofthe acoustic model; and following the use of the acoustic model toidentify pauses in the speech audio, maintain the configuration of theat least one neuromorphic device to maintain the at least one instanceof the acoustic model to enable use of the at least one instance of theacoustic model to identify speech sounds in the speech audio.
 15. Thecomputer-program product of claim 12, wherein: the at least oneprocessor comprises a processor of a control device of a distributedprocessing system, and multiple processors of multiple node devices ofthe distributed processing system; and the processor of the controldevice is caused to distribute indications of a configuration of theneural network of the acoustic model to the multiple node devices toenable instantiation of multiple instances of the acoustic model withinthe multiple node devices by the multiple processors of the multiplenode devices.
 16. The computer-program product of claim 12, wherein: inresponse to the request, the at least one processor is caused to performpre-processing operations of a second segmentation technique comprising:divide the speech audio into multiple alternate data chunks that eachrepresent an alternate chunk of multiple alternate chunks of the speechaudio; derive a threshold amplitude based on at least one peak amplitudeof the speech audio; compare a peak amplitude of the alternate chunk ofthe speech audio of each alternate data chunk to the thresholdamplitude; designate each alternate data chunk with a peak amplitudethat is below the threshold amplitude as an alternate pause data chunk;within at least one set of temporally consecutive alternate data chunksof the multiple alternate chunks, identify a longest subset oftemporally consecutive alternate pause data chunks; and for each set ofthe at least one set of temporally consecutive alternate data chunks,store an indication of the longest subset of temporally consecutivealternate pause data chunks as a likely sentence pause of a secondcandidate set of likely sentence pauses; and the division of the of thespeech data set into the multiple data segments is based on acombination of the first candidate set of likely sentence pauses and thesecond candidate set of likely sentence pauses.
 17. The computer-programproduct of claim 11, wherein: the identification of the first candidateset of likely sentence pauses comprises: analyzing each data chunk ofthe multiple data chunks to identify acoustic features occurring withineach corresponding chunk of speech audio; and providing indications ofthe acoustic features occurring within each chunk of speech audio to theacoustic model as input; and the identification of the candidate sets ofwords likely spoken in the speech audio comprises: subdividing a datasegment of the multiple data segments into multiple data frames thateach represent a portion of the corresponding speech segment; analyzingeach data frame of the multiple data frames to identify acousticfeatures occurring within each corresponding portion of thecorresponding speech segment; and providing indications of the acousticfeatures occurring within each portion of the corresponding speechsegment to the acoustic model as input.
 18. The computer-program productof claim 11, wherein: the acoustic model outputs probabilitydistributions indicative of probabilities of occurrence of speech soundsfor each of multiple specific times within a period of time; and theidentification of the candidate sets of words likely spoken in thespeech audio comprises analyzing the probability distributions output bythe acoustic model to identify combinations of speech sounds thatcorrespond to words.
 19. The computer-program product of claim 18,wherein, in response to the request, the at least one processor iscaused to perform further speech-to-text operations comprising: use alanguage model with the candidate sets of words to derive correspondingcandidate sets of n-grams accompanied by corresponding indications ofrelative probabilities of use of each n-gram within each candidate setof n-grams; and use at least one of probability distributions output bythe acoustic model or indications of relative probabilities output bythe language model to select each word included in the transcript fromeither a corresponding candidate set of words or a correspondingcandidate set of n-grams.
 20. The computer-program product of claim 19,wherein the selection of each word included in the transcript is furtherbased on a relative weighting of the acoustic model and the languagemodel that is based on a level of audio noise of the speech audio.
 21. Acomputer-implemented method comprising: receiving, by at least oneprocessor, and from a requesting device via a network, a request toperform speech-to-text conversion of a specified speech data setrepresenting speech audio; in response to the request, performingpre-processing operations of a first segmentation technique comprising:dividing the speech data set into multiple data chunks that eachrepresent a chunk of multiple chunks of the speech audio; using, by theat least one processor, an acoustic model with each data chunk of themultiple data chunks to identify pauses in the speech audio; andanalyzing, by the at least one processor, a length of time of eachidentified pause in the speech audio to identify a first candidate setof likely sentence pauses in the speech audio; in response to therequest, performing speech-to-text operations comprising: based, atleast in part, on the first candidate set of likely sentence pauses,dividing the speech data set into multiple data segments that eachrepresent a speech segment of multiple speech segments of the speechaudio; using, by the at least one processor, the acoustic model witheach data segment of the multiple data segments to identify likelyspeech sounds in the speech audio; analyzing, by the at least oneprocessor, the identified likely speech sounds to identify candidatesets of words likely spoken in the speech audio; based, at least inpart, on the candidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio,generating, by the at least one processor, a transcript of the speechdata set; and transmitting, from the at least one processor, anindication of the generation of the transcript to the requesting device.22. The computer-implemented method of claim 21, wherein: the acousticmodel is based on a neural network; the neural network comprises aconnectionist temporal classification (CTC) output; the CTC outputgenerates strings of one or more blank symbols for the identifiedpauses; a quantity of blank symbols in each string of one or more blanksymbols correlates to a length of a corresponding identified pause; andthe identification of the first candidate set of likely sentence pausescomprises performing operations comprising: comparing, by the at leastone processor, the length of each identified speech pause indicated by acorresponding string of one or more blank symbols to a predeterminedblank threshold length; and designating, by the at least one processor,each identified speech pause that is at least as long as thepredetermined blank threshold length as a likely sentence pause of thefirst candidate set of likely sentence pauses.
 23. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 22, wherein: the acoustic modeloutputs indications of occurrences of speech sounds as indications ofoccurrences of graphemes of a set of graphemes; the blank symbolcomprises a grapheme of the set of graphemes that is indicative of apause between speech sounds; and the identification of candidate sets ofwords likely spoken in the speech audio comprises performing operationscomprising analyzing, by the at least one processor, the indications ofoccurrence of graphemes output by the acoustic model to identifycombinations of graphemes that correspond to words.
 24. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 22, comprising: prior to the use ofthe acoustic model to identify pauses in the speech audio, configuring,by the at least one processor, at least one neuromorphic device toinstantiate at least one instance of the acoustic model; and followingthe use of the acoustic model to identify pauses in the speech audio,maintaining, by the at least one processor, the configuration of the atleast one neuromorphic device to maintain the at least one instance ofthe acoustic model to enable use of the at least one instance of theacoustic model to identify speech sounds in the speech audio.
 25. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 22, wherein: the at least oneprocessor comprises a processor of a control device of a distributedprocessing system, and multiple processors of multiple node devices ofthe distributed processing system; and the method comprises,distributing, by the processor of the control device, indications of aconfiguration of the neural network of the acoustic model to themultiple node devices to enable instantiation of multiple instances ofthe acoustic model within the multiple node devices by the multipleprocessors of the multiple node devices.
 26. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 22, wherein: the method comprises, in response to therequest, performing pre-processing operations of a second segmentationtechnique comprising: dividing the speech audio into multiple alternatedata chunks that each represent an alternate chunk of multiple alternatechunks of the speech audio; deriving, by the at least one processor, athreshold amplitude based on at least one peak amplitude of the speechaudio; comparing, by the at least one processor, a peak amplitude of thealternate chunk of the speech audio of each alternate data chunk to thethreshold amplitude; designating, by the at least one processor, eachalternate data chunk with a peak amplitude that is below the thresholdamplitude as an alternate pause data chunk; within at least one set oftemporally consecutive alternate data chunks of the multiple alternatechunks, identifying, by the at least one processor, a longest subset oftemporally consecutive alternate pause data chunks; and for each set ofthe at least one set of temporally consecutive alternate data chunks,storing an indication of the longest subset of temporally consecutivealternate pause data chunks as a likely sentence pause of a secondcandidate set of likely sentence pauses; and the division of the of thespeech data set into the multiple data segments is based on acombination of the first candidate set of likely sentence pauses and thesecond candidate set of likely sentence pauses.
 27. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 21, wherein: the identification ofthe first candidate set of likely sentence pauses comprises performingoperations comprising: analyzing, by the at least one processor, eachdata chunk of the multiple data chunks to identify acoustic featuresoccurring within each corresponding chunk of speech audio; andproviding, by the at least one processor, indications of the acousticfeatures occurring within each chunk of speech audio to the acousticmodel as input; and the identification of the candidate sets of wordslikely spoken in the speech audio comprises performing operationscomprising: subdividing a data segment of the multiple data segmentsinto multiple data frames that each represent a portion of thecorresponding speech segment; analyzing, by the at least one processor,each data frame of the multiple data frames to identify acousticfeatures occurring within each corresponding portion of thecorresponding speech segment; and providing, by the at least oneprocessor, indications of the acoustic features occurring within eachportion of the corresponding speech segment to the acoustic model asinput.
 28. The computer-implemented method of claim 21, wherein: theacoustic model outputs probability distributions indicative ofprobabilities of occurrence of speech sounds for each of multiplespecific times within a period of time; and the identification of thecandidate sets of words likely spoken in the speech audio comprisesperforming operations comprising analyzing, by the at least oneprocessor, the probability distributions output by the acoustic model toidentify combinations of speech sounds that correspond to words.
 29. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 28, comprising, in response to therequest, performing further speech-to-text operations comprising: using,by the at least one processor, a language model with the candidate setsof words to derive corresponding candidate sets of n-grams accompaniedby corresponding indications of relative probabilities of use of eachn-gram within each candidate set of n-grams; and using, by the at leastone processor, at least one of probability distributions output by theacoustic model or indications of relative probabilities output by thelanguage model to select each word included in the transcript fromeither a corresponding candidate set of words or a correspondingcandidate set of n-grams.
 30. The computer-implemented method of claim29, wherein the selection of each word included in the transcript isfurther based on a relative weighting of the acoustic model and thelanguage model that is based on a level of audio noise of the speechaudio.